birth control education essays

anti-conception medication training articles The issue of anti-conception medication being educated or potentially circulated in state funded schools is one worth discussing. In science and wellbeing classes understudies are instructed in generation and sexuality, yet not about such conception prevention techniques, for example, condoms and contraception pills. While guardians may contact quickly on the subject, some vibe too humiliated to even consider discussing it with their youngsters or esteem it pointless. This is a terrible game-plan in light of the fact that the world is presently collaborating with hormonally determined young people lacking crucial data about close to home security. They have an aching to rehearse the most established impulse that people have, which is to reproduce. The schools have no motivation to not be instructing the other, increasingly significant, half of sex training. This activity looks bad as figuring out how to include, however not take away. The city is just one of the many confronting this issue in the face. It is a difficult that knows no class, religion, or sex. On the off chance that each network willingly volunteered to address this issue with youth, at that point they could dispose of a national issue. It is anything but difficult to see that absence of information concerning contraception is a cut off issue confronting todays youth. While the high schooler pregnancy rate is far lower than it has been previously, the quantity of adolescents contaminated by explicitly transmitted sicknesses is on the ascent. Half of sex instruction isn't sufficient. Despite the fact that 98% of understudies get sexuality instruction, 55% of them despite everything have questions concerning anti-conception medication techniques, the avoidance of STDs, and how to buy assurance privately. The test of STD avoidance in the United States is obviously shown by the way that 85% of the most widely recognized irresistible ailments in the U.S.A. are spread explicitly. This is the most noteworthy out of all the industrialized countries on the planet. Why, in the U.S. the paces of contamination are 50-100 times more noteworthy than in some other of the industrialized country. A companion of mine, whom we will ca ll Miss. Q for trust... <!

Pas vs Euthanasia Free Essays

string(170) with regards to clinical confusions, blunders, carelessness, or conscious murdering have been exhibited by the lawful and expert acknowledgment of specific cases. Each individual has the ability to settle on choices over a mind-blowing span. Individuals settle on decisions consistently, and the control individuals have over their own lives that permits them to do as such. This capacity to have alternatives and have the option to settle on choices ought not stop to exist as a patient methodologies the finish of life. We will compose a custom exposition test on Pas versus Euthanasia or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Individuals reserve the privilege to accept unequivocally in close to home self-governance and have the assurance to control the finish of their lives as wished (DeSpelder 238). Around the finish of life, individuals should at present be allowed to decide, so as to permit them some type of control in a real existence. The alternative for Physician Assisted Suicide takes into consideration those, who are moving toward death, to take their lives without losing any poise. Doctor Assisted Suicide is the point at which a doctor purposefully helps an individual in submitting their own self destruction by giving medications to self organization at a deliberate and skilled solicitation (Oliver 2006). With Physician Assisted Suicide, the doctor furnishes the patient with a medicine for a deadly portion of drug, and guiding on the dosages and the strategies the patient must finish to finish the demonstration (Sanders 2007). The doctor might be available while the patient self-oversees the drug, in spite of the fact that this isn't legitimately required. Additionally, the doctor, or some other individual, can't help the patient in regulating the drug (Darr 2007). Doctor Assisted Suicide ought not be mistaken for Euthanasia. In the act of Physician Assisted Suicide, the patient makes the last organization of the deadly drug. Most definitely, it is a purposeful activity finished with the aim to hurry or cause the passing of an individual (Sanders 2007). Doctor Assisted Suicide is just legitimate in the province of Oregon, while Euthanasia is illicit over the United States. Despite the fact that Euthanasia is illicit, it was performed calmly by a doctor by the name of Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Dr. Kevorkian would commonly begin an IV running saline, and permit the patient to then start the progression of barbituates and potassium chloride which would bring about death (Darr 2007). Subsequent to having aided the passings of almost 130 individuals through the span of ten years, Dr. Kevorkian was seen as liable of having given a man a deadly infusion which caused the man’s passing, and Dr. Kevorkian was condemned to jail. Albeit some may see Dr. Kevorkian’s fill in as off-base and improper, others bolster him and his image as the open discussion on moral and legitimate issues encompassing Physician Assisted Suicide (DeSpelder 238). There are a wide range of types or types of Euthanasia. These kinds of Euthanasia are: detached killing, dynamic willful extermination, dynamic deliberate willful extermination, and dynamic automatic willful extermination. Latent willful extermination is the event of a characteristic demise through the stopping of life-bolster gear or the end of life-supporting clinical methodology. Dynamic willful extermination is a purposeful activity to end the life of a person. Deliberate dynamic willful extermination is the mediation of deadly infusion to end the life of an intellectually able, enduring person who has mentioned to have their life put to an end. The last type of Euthanasia is dynamic willful killing in which a doctor has interceded in such a manner to cause the patient’s demise, however without the assent from the patient (Scherer 13). One may wish to encounter Euthanasia to end their life for some reasons. Numerous patients wish for control and impact over the way and timing of their own demise. The person in question may likewise wish to keep up their respect and wish to have alleviation of serious torment that might be brought about by a terminal disease. Different contemplations that may influence the decision for Euthanasia include needing to maintain a strategic distance from the potential for maltreatment from their primary care physician, family, human services protection, and society (Scherer vii). Then again, a patient may wish to seek after Physician Assisted Suicide, or a rushed demise, on account of an ailment related encounter, for example, anguishing side effects, useful misfortunes, and the impacts of torment meds on their body. The patient may likewise feel that the puzzle of death is a danger to their feeling of self, and wish for a type of authority over the issue. Additionally, patients may fear for the future most definitely. A contrary past involvement in death, and the dread of turning into a weight on amily and companions, can extraordinarily impact a person’s decision to look for Physician Assisted Suicide. As the finish of life is drawn nearer, care can turn out to be considerably more included, setting strain on the individuals who are answerable for thinking about the withering (Quill 93). In thinking about the at death's door and those close to death, certain drugs might be endorsed to lessen torment and a patient’s involvement in misery. When controlling such drugs trying to control manifestations, a doctor or medical caretaker may incidentally cause a person’s passing. This event is known as ‘double effect’ (Oliver 2006). The regulation of twofold impact expresses that ‘a destructive impact of treatment, regardless of whether it brings about death, is passable if the damage isn't planned and happens as a reaction of a helpful action’ (DeSpelder 238). Since the measurement of meds may should be acclimated to ease torment at explicit times of end-of-life, almost certainly, respiratory trouble may happen soon subsequently, prompting demise. This has gotten known as ‘terminal sedation’, yet the Supreme Court has decided that such examples don't represent Euthanasia or Physician Assisted Suicide on the grounds that the primary plan was to soothe torment (DeSpelder 239). It might show up on occasion as if the law and clinical calling hold solid perspectives that contradict helping demise, yet from numerous points of view, they have additionally demonstrated that in specific situations, hurrying passing can be advocated. Rushing demise through intercessions which don't occur with regards to clinical intricacies, mistakes, carelessness, or purposeful murdering have been shown by the lawful and expert acknowledgment of specific cases. You read Pas versus Euthanasia in class Papers Both the law and clinical calling take into account the privilege of an equipped grown-up to deny any kind of treatment, including one which may spare their life. Specialists are given the option to pull back or retain any medications that the person in question sees as worthless or not in the patient’s wellbeing; this incorporates life sparing and life delaying medicines. As referenced beforehand, Doctors are lawfully additionally given the option to utilize their circumspection in overseeing high-portion sedatives with regards to palliative consideration (Sanders 2007). In taking a gander at such situations, it is hard to comprehend why Physician Assisted Suicide is illicit in with or without states from Oregon, yet comparative systems and activities, that end in a similar result, are lawful in all states. The main state wherein Physician Assisted Suicide is legitimate is the territory of Oregon. Oregon passed the Death with Dignity Act in 1997 which permitted the critically ill to take their lives intentionally through the self organization of deadly meds, recommended by a doctor, for this accurate reason (Death). Any doctors, who are against supporting somebody in consummation their life, may decline to endorse the deadly prescriptions, yet each is given the capacity and decision to take an interest (DeSpelder 237). In spite of the fact that Oregon is the main state wherein Physician Assisted Suicide is legitimate, California, Vermont and Washington all would like to follow in Oregon’s strides in authorizing this training (Ball 2006). Since Physician Assisted Suicide is legitimate in the province of Oregon, it might be expected that an excessive number of individuals will exploit such an utility and, that it has potential for misuse (Quill 6). This isn't really obvious. In Oregon, a normal of 50 individuals exploit Physician Assisted Suicide every year; yet a lot more than this really get the deadly drugs and decide not to utilize them (Oliver 2006). Maybe it is the inclination of having these drugs to swear by that gives individuals comfort. Individuals who get a medicine from their doctors for these deadly meds realize that in the event that they ever arrive at where they feel as though they can't live any more, they don't need to. Some different realities about patients who decide to finish Physician Assisted Suicide are that most of the individuals who took the deadly meds were bound to be separated or never wedded as opposed to wedded or bereaved, had levels of training higher than general instruction, and had either HIV and AIDS or dangerous neoplasms (Darr 2007). Despite the fact that Physician Assisted Suicide was made legitimate in Oregon, there have been numerous examples where the United States Supreme Court has endeavored to give Physician Assisted Suicide an awful picture. In 1997, the Supreme Court contrasted two cases related with Physician Assisted Suicide. The cases were Washington versus Glucksberg, and Vacco versus Plume. In the examination of these two cases, the Supreme Court took a gander at retaining and pulling back medicines against Physician Assisted Suicide. The Court presumed that ‘the option to deny treatment depended on the option to keep up one’s substantial honesty, not on an option to rush death’ however when medicines are pulled back or retained, ‘the aim is to respect the patient’s wishes, not cause demise, dissimilar to PAS where the patient is â€Å"killed† by the deadly medication’ (DeSp

UGA on the Road - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

UGA on the Road - UGA Undergraduate Admissions UGA on the Road I had a chance to speak with a group of Athens students and parents last night, talking mostly about the college admissions process, but also a little about UGA. In some ways, these students are a little luckier than others, as UGA is right around the corner, and they are able to visit our campus at almost any time they are free. For most students, it takes a little more planning (or sometimes a great deal more) to visit the college of their choice. That is why, from September to November, admissions counselors from all around the nation begin their travel season, visiting high schools and attending college fairs. Sometimes, I think it should almost be a show on National Geographic, with the camera crew following the migratory trek of the admissions officer, venturing out from its home on an eight week journey, only to return again to its natural habitat, exhausted, a little brain-dead, and happy its journey is complete. For those wanting to follow the travels of our counselors this fall, we have the Meet UGA Near You web site ( updated weekly) with a database listing of our offices travels. Even if UGA is going to be visiting your high school or attending a college fair in your area, we still heavily suggest that you visit our campus. I hope everyones summer is finishing up well, and good luck with the start of school in the next few weeks! UGA on the Road - UGA Undergraduate Admissions UGA on the Road Fall travel has begun! It’s the time of year when admissions counselors leave their offices and head out for college fairs, college nights, high school visits, counselor programs and other recruitment events. This means you’ll be seeing a lot of UGA people on the road this fall. To find out if a representative is going to be in your area, be sure to check our Meet UGA Near You page for a full list of events, fairs, visits, etc. that we will be attending. This page is updated daily as travel plans continue to be made. Georgia students, if you are attending a PROBE fair, be sure to register online ahead of time! When you register online, you will be able to print out a bar code to take with you to the fair. College representatives will be able to simply scan your bar code to capture your information. This will prevent you from having to fill out a different information card for each college you speak to. While youre looking through travel schedules, consider looking up who the admissions counselor is for your school and sending a quick a message. Whether its just to say hello or to suggest places we visit while in your area, we love to hear from prospective students! Go Dawgs! UGA on the Road - UGA Undergraduate Admissions UGA on the Road The end of August means one thing in the world of college admissions: The start of Fall travel! Every fall, droves of college admissions counselors depart from their campuses like flocks of migrating birds, heading out to college fairs, college nights, high school visits, counselor programs, and recruitment events, only to return to their college nest in late October/mid November. Some will be out for two to three weeks, while others (not UGA) will be on the road for 10+ weeks. What does this mean for prospective students and parents? You will be seeing a lot of UGA people on the road this fall. And to track where we are, go to the UGA On The Road page for more travel details.This page will be updated weekly to show any new programs or visits our admission team will be attending. Now, here is my request for all prospective students and parents. When admissions officers are on the road, many times they are dashing from program to program, and are not always able to learn about the wonderful and unique restaurants, hotels and/or events in your community. Many times, it is easier to stop by a Subway shop on your way from High School A to High School B, and they miss the places that make your hometown great. So if you see that UGA will be visiting your area, go to the UGA Counselor Page and send the counselor assigned to your area a quick email letting them know about the hometown places they may want to visit when they are in your area. If you still are not sure who will be visiting your area (there is some overlap of travel territories), you can send an email to the most likely person and they can forward it on to the correct counselor if it is not them. In addition, this is a great way to break the ice when communicating with a college admissions counselor. Instead of just asking about a specific major, the football team or the weather, you can now have a reason to contact the counselor, and you will be giving them insight into your community.

Christmas Idea List for Playing the Ice Breaker Game Would You Rather

History of African Americans and Higher Education Essay...

For blacks, the history of higher education typically points to segregated education. Before the Civil War, the social system promoted the belief that blacks wouldn’t get return on their time spent in higher education. Brown and Ricard (2007) noted that most North institutions were reluctant to allow black enrollment in colleges and universities, and in the South, where slaveholder’s were still powerhouse businessmen, slaves would never be allowed to become more educated than their owners. The reluctance of the White leaders to allow blacks to formally be accepted into higher education programs held blacks back from achieving what many aspired to, and were fully capable of, experience. Through research of the literature, this paper will†¦show more content†¦When ex-slaves demanded a formal public schooling, they were really asking the South to develop and embrace a relatively new philosophy of education. Effectively, they were having white southerners pay for the education of people they once â€Å"owned† as property, and had the right to receive what most whites in the region hadn’t had available previously. According to Anderson (n.d.), the Reconstruction Era (1877) presented a unique problem for black professionals. Although more blacks were becoming qualified for educational and employment opportunities, the job demand shifted to industrial needs. For black leaders, having to get industrial training instead of a broader, more useful education was a beneficial short term answer for employment. The primary advocate for industrial training was Booker T. Washington. Washington, educated at the Tuskegee Institute located in Alabama, expressed publicly that manual labor will be more beneficial to individuals because that was the type of work available (Anderson, n.d.). On the opposite side of Washington’s argument for occupational training was W. E. B. Du Bois. Du Bois, who came from Harvard, had higher aspirations than occupational education, â€Å"with a conviction that Black life and culture should be a primary topic of Black thought and investigation† (Anderson, n.d. p.1). Considering the value of a general degree in comparison to a technicalShow MoreRelatedA City Where Black Power Won : The Origins Of The Black Panther Party On College Campuses1350 Words   |  6 PagesSuddler AAS 385: Urban History 31 March 2016 The movement of African American migrants out of the South and into northern California laid the foundation for the development of the Black Panther Party (BPP), which served as a voice for the black community. With this new wave of black migrant families into California came a new, younger generation whose Southern roots had not yet been formed. As young migrants assimilated into their new environments, their exposure to higher education mixed with the cultureRead MoreAfrican American Studies : The Matrix Of American Ethnic Studies972 Words   |  4 Pagesmore access to Higher Education, there has been a trend for a presence of Ethnic Studies in Academia. These â€Å"Area† Focused disciplines tries to distinguish their goals apart from other disciplines, which encourages Ethnic Studies to constantly change. 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Some of the literatureRead MoreAfrican American Professionals And Higher Education1142 Words   |  5 Pagesresearching, African-American professionals in higher education, I never realized that indeed there was truth in the obstacles, restrictions and biases in their way that must be overcome. In this research paper we will highlight and discuss some of the reasons that African- American professionals faces in higher education and some of the resources, that can be used to dismantle the indifferences. The progress has been slow in the academic arena for African-Americans in higher education. It has beingRead MoreAfrican American Nontraditional Students Case Study966 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American Nontraditional Female Students Recent studies indicate an increase in the numbers of nontraditional students returning to colleges; the enrollment of students ages 25 and older rose by 13 percent between 1997 and 2007. NCES (2009) reported that from 2006 to 2017, there will be a continual increase in enrollment to nearly 20 percent for this age group (Bonner et al., 2015; Kenner Weinerman, 2011; Ross-Gordon, 2011). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) there are 162Read MoreMinority Serving Institutions ( Msis )1415 Words   |  6 PagesMinority-Serving Institutions (MSIs) serves to provide a college education for citizens across racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences that were excluded from higher education throughout the United States History. Minority-Serving Institutions work towards producing superior results with fewer resources while being evaluated using the same accreditation standards as prestigious majority public and private institutions (Fester, 2012, p. 816). Minority-Serving I nstitutions are represented byRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States Of America951 Words   |  4 Pagescapital become important when economically developing a country. In the attempt to develop America, African Americans and minorities have suffered greatly in finding their identity within their history and equality among those who have discovered their individualities. Slaves were usually Africans who were forced into North and South America. Slaves were built into the constitution and then creating the history of the United States of America. For example, there are three main clauses in the US constitutionRead MoreIs Affirmative Action in Higher Education Outdated?783 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Is Affirmative Action in Higher Education Outdated? Affirmative action policies have been in place since 1957 (Rubio 144). Presidents Kennedy and Johnson signed executive orders in 1961 and 1964, respectively, requiring government agencies and their contractors to take affirmative steps to ensure minority participation. Johnsons order was modified two years later to include women. 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On torture Free Essays

In that day and age it was all too easy for criminals to flee from a crime UN accused and unpunished seeing as there was no major arm of law present to further investigate certain crimes or follow up on possible suspects, s a result when an individual was caught for a crime or under suspicion they were tortured as a means to obtain a confession. The Justice system and the practice of torture presented both the victims and the accused with many problems however this was all due to the harsh realities of the 18th century. From a modern point of view torture is seen as outrageous and inhumane however in the 18th century it was practiced as an attempt to set an example for society and lower the overall crime rate, although the barbarity of these acts reflects poorly on behalf the 1 8th century society there were still many people who saw torture for its egregious nature and advocated for more tolerant alternatives. We will write a custom essay sample on On torture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Torture was used since the beginning of collocation however the practice became extremely popular during the 18th century, an era where using brute force was regularly encouraged. Torture existed well before the eighteenth century; the Greeks and Egyptians also used torture as means of obtaining a confession however torture for the purpose of interrogation was usually conducted in private it was hidden because they were aware of the social and political Implications that followed. As Roman law adapted torture became part of the official Justice system of the 1 8th century, a system where the accused we tried, tortured and executed in public so that everyone was aware of the punishment that would follow crime. Torture was at its peak during the inquisition period where heretics were persecuted and tortured if they refused to change their religion or admit they were not Roman Catholic. It was this period, which were called â€Å"the witch trials† that reintroduced torture to Europe. Slaves and others of lower class were also falsely accused and tortured for petty individual would suffer being stretched on the rack, a public whipping or exposure in the stocks. Torture was used to set an example to others in society as an attempt to lower the overall crime rate and obtain a confession. Most punishments in the 18th century took place in public; torture was an elaborate and shocking practice that was intended to discourage anyone who watched from crime. It was a threat to all criminals and a warning to all citizens, in a day countless amounts of people were tortured to death without a trial or a clear dissertation of their offense. This caused an outrage amongst many members of society who wanted to see change and improvement on a level where issues were approached in a more humanistic manner. Many enlightenment philosophies protested for a more tolerant society, people like Voltaire spoke against the evils of the Justice system and torture until he died. In his writing Scientific Religion he says: â€Å"What horror is this, a secret Judgment a more execrable tyranny than that of spilling blood on a whim without giving the least reason, it is important for everyone that such decisions should be biblically justified† (Brains, 1998) Voltaire biggest issue with torture was the fact that people were not Justified with an explanation for what they had done, they were not given a trial or a chance to defend themselves. It was said that an accused individual would be tortured and if they were indeed not guilty God would save them from their predicament. Torture as a tool of interrogation is not a new phenomenon, in the Greek playwright â€Å"The Frogs† the Aristotelian asked a character which method they should use to torture a slave and he replied: â€Å"In any mode you please pile bricks upon him, stuff his SSE with acid, flay, rack him, hoist him or flog him with a scourge of prickly bristles† (Ramose, Dupes, Zoological, Careened, 2005) The method of piling bricks on an individual was used to force the person into a plea of guilty or not guilty during a felony case. Flaying involved the removal of a portion of the skin from the body, flaying was also used as a method of execution, when a larger portion of skin was removed. The rack was a torture device that consisted of a frame with a roller on both ends the victim was chained by the hands and legs to both ends of the frame ND the rollers were turned which would slowly pull the victim’s body in opposite directions causing their Joints to come apart. The process of hoisting an individual consisted of binding the victim’s hands and hanging them by a rope attached to their hands causing their shoulder blades to dislocate. Flogging is a method where an individual is struck with a whip tipped with sharp ends meant to tear the victims flesh. The methods that were described in the playwright were used by the Greeks and then adapted and practiced by the 18th century society. A large number of the 18th century torture methods proved to be Just as their cruel abilities, whether they fell victim to torture through their own actions or due to false accusations. Society was no longer running on the basis of obeying the laws to protect everyone but more so obeying to stay alive. Cesar Bacteria spoke out against the corruption of the Justice system, in his essay on crimes and punishment he tries to educate people on the possible alternatives to torture while still for maintaining order and putting crime at bay: â€Å"It is better to prevent crimes that to knish them†¦ Do you want to prevent crimes? See to that the laws are clear and simple and that the entire force of the nation is in their defense. See to it that men fear the law and nothing else, the fear of laws is salutary but the fear of men is a fruitful and fatal source of crimes. † (Halls, 1977) Cesar understood that torture would never be the solution to crime and he made it clear in his essay that it was barbaric and outrageous and if there were to be any advancement in the 18th century society torture had to end. From a modern point of view torture is seen as outrageous and inhumane however in the 18th century it was practiced as an attempt to set an example for society and lower the overall crime rate, although the barbarity of these acts reflect poorly on behalf the 18th century society there were still many people who saw torture for its egregious nature and advocated for more tolerant alternatives. Torture was used since the beginning of civilization and then adapted by 18th century Romans however they changed the practice in to something more horrific than it originally was. How to cite On torture, Papers

Print Media Journalism

Finley Peter Dunne once wrote that newspapers â€Å"comfort the afflicted, [and] afflict the comfortable† (Dunne, n.d.) Mark Twain echoed, â€Å"If you don’t read the newspaper, you are uninformed; if you do read the newspaper, you are misinformed† (Twain, n.d.) Although nearly a century has passed since Dunne and Twain both dismissed the media as hopelessly biased, little has changed. Print media bias continues to frustrate access to truth and clear thinking for the average citizen.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Print Media Journalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the case of the Obama campaign, we see the inherent problem with print media journalism clearly illuminated. Print media obsessively covers magnetic, charismatic personalities who support and maintain an over-simplified narrative ethos, one that inherently polarizes news subjects along confrontational, partisan lines: good versus evil, liberal versus conservative. Issues remain secondary, and personalities that do not fit these tight narrative parameters often receive no coverage at all. Passivity and cynicism in newspaper consumers is the result. Print media bias reduces politicians to stock characters, and spends more time on their personalities than their policies. This creates a skewed and dangerous belief that newspapers are like any other scripted form of entertainment, replete with villains and heroes, and obscures the reality that politicians and their policies have real and lasting impact on the daily lives of newspaper consumers. In a perfect world, newspapers contribute to the â€Å"shared critical understandings on which healthy citizen involvement thrives† (Bennett 2007: 35). While Bennett acknowledges that 60 percent of those surveyed perceive print media as biased, he feels bias unlikely to â€Å"seep through a code of professional ethics that emphasizes impartiality as a core v alue,† though he acknowledges the code may be â€Å"fraying in some areas due to the economic pressures favoring sensationalism, or in cases such as FOX News, where bias has become a financially successful formula (Bennett 2007: 35). Generally speaking, Bennett believes the concern about ideological media bias less important than other forms of media bias, because when â€Å"reporters lose their perspectives, there are editors there to correct them. Reporters are small cogs in large business organizations that have a vested interest in producing a marketable, neutral product† (Bennett, 2007, p. 35) Bennett upholds the centrist view of print media journalism, though he accepts that â€Å"as the political bounds of conflict within government shift, the center may move,† and indeed has â€Å"swung to the Right in recent times, and these swings may reflect more the power balance in Washington than the general politics of the American public† (Bennett, 2007, p . 36)Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While â€Å"many American are caught up in dead-end debates about ideological news bias that is less dangerous than commonly assumed, few are noticing other information biases that are really worth worrying about. A more sensible approach to news bias is to look for those universal information problems that hinder the efforts of citizens, whatever their ideology, to take part in political life† (Bennett 2007: 40). This outlook is rosy, however, and Bennett’s faith in the centrism of reporters smacks of fantasy. The Obama campaign of 2008 saw left-leaning newspaper journalists openly manipulating facts and coverage to favor Obama and hobble his running mate John McCain. Washington Post ombudsman Deborah Howell confessed â€Å"that the Post had given Obama front-page coverage three times more often than McCain — a à ¢â‚¬Å"disparity †¦ so wide,† she admitted, â€Å"that it doesn’t look good† (Kersten 2010, p. 30). Print media focuses almost exclusively on personality to generate stories. In the Obama campaign, we saw the personalities of the front-runners under scrutiny far more than their platforms. Print media painted Obama as the virile, shining knight, standing up for innovation, committed to change, while McCain limped along behind in coverage, too old to factor in much at all. Members of the newspaper reporters’ invitation-only listserv Journolist conspired online to stage-manage Obama’s â€Å"non-official campaign,† and members encouraged each other to â€Å"bang away at McCain’s age† (Kersten 2010, p. 30). When ABC News brought a relationship between Obama and militant Reverend Jeremiah Wright to light, Journolist members â€Å"sensed a threat to an Obama victory. They urged their compatriots to bury the story and to attack any journalist who might consider covering it† (Kersten 2010, p. 30). Reporters scripted Obama and McCain, and manipulated the facts to fit the characterizations they had created. Newspaper consumers, therefore, had little else available to them other than a carefully plotted Mexican stand-off between the old guard, McCain, and the bastion of the new, Obama. Bennett (2007), interestingly, echoes this: The focus on personalities encourages a passive spectator attitude among the public. Whether the focus is on sympathetic heroes and victims or hateful scoundrels and culprits, the media preference for personalized human-interest news creates a â€Å"can’t-see-the-forest-for-the-trees† information bias that makes it difficult to see the big (institutional) picture that lies beyond the many actors crowding center stage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 41).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Print Media Journalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pa ge Learn More The relentless management of personality to suit a pre-existing narrative framework in the Obama campaign led to Obama’s victory, yes, however the cost was a severely discredited print media. More importantly, in the case of the Obama campaign, we saw print media bias leveled against one particular target, one that provided the needs of the narrative perfectly – Sarah Palin. The moment John McCain â€Å"named Sarah Palin as his running mate, Journolist participants strategized about how to poison Palin’s candidacy† (Kersten, 2010, p. 30) In the words of Daniel Levy, Journolist member, Obama’s behind the scenes campaign overseers â€Å"would need to mount a coordinated attack. â€Å"This seems to me like an occasion when the non-official campaign has a big role to play in defining Palin, shaping the terms of the conversation and saying things that the official [Obama] campaign shouldn’t say — very hard-hi tting stuff †¦ scare people about having this †¦ right-wing Christian wing-nut a heartbeat away† (Kersten, 2010, p. 30) Why did the print media go after Palin with such fervor? She fit the requirements of its narrative, to a much greater extent than did McCain. In the Obama campaign drama, McCain was a bit too cultured and sympathetic to function as a decent foil for Obama. Palin, by contrast, the â€Å"rube from Alaska† that shot wolves from helicopters and had a grandchild from a pregnant teenage daughter made the perfect antagonist (Hoyt, 2010, p. 12). Her personality was antithetical to Obama: Palin spoke plainly and earnestly; she was earthy, unsophisticated, gauche, mawkishly patriotic, and â€Å"ardently pro-life† (Anon, 2009, n. pag.) This match-up made for print media narrative gold. Print media bias openly altered facts to sustain the action, and its skilful treatment of Palin showed â€Å"in the public at large, as well: Interviews of Barack Obama supporters on Election Day last year show them blindly assigning some of the campaign’s most embarrassing gaffes, quite mistakenly, to Palin — when, in fact, they came from Obama. Example: Who said he or she had visited all â€Å"57† states? Palin, of course! Nope. That was our president (Anon, 2009, n. pag.) Although some newspapers acknowledged Palin as an â€Å"electrifying speechmaker† who generated â€Å"enormous fervor at her events,† this type of coverage remained random and infrequent (Hoyt, 2008, p. 12). In keeping with the print media’s bias for characterization and dramatization over substantial political analysis, Palin’s policies, or even analysis of why she enjoyed such popular appeal, were relegated to obscurity.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this point in the discussion, one may ask why does the print media sustain this bias for personality over policy, drama over fact? In the Obama campaign, why did the personalities involved trump the issues? Some writers blame news consumers, insinuating that the public wants entertainment only, and that true political analysis would not, and does not, sell. â€Å"While entirely unbiased reporting is an impossible dream, why don’t readers insist that their newspapers try harder to stick to the facts? The obvious explanation is that proprietors use papers as political tools, pulling the strings until we puppets tick the right box. An alternative view is that readers do not want a determinedly unbiased reporting of dry facts, but wish to be entertained and to have our biases confirmed† (Harford, 2010, p. 13). An obvious point, however, blaming the consumer sounds like laziness. Instead, a deeper analysis reveals a deeper bias, specific to journalists themselves, regard less of their political leanings, given that â€Å"journalists have a whole set of professional biases that have nothing to do with politics. Journalists are biased toward conflict, toward bad news because it is more exciting than good news, and, obviously, toward what is new† (Hoyt, 2008, p. 12). Bennett details the effect that this deeper bias engenders on newspaper consumers. News â€Å"comes to us in sketchy, dramatic capsules that make it difficult to see the causes of problems, their historical significance, or the connection across issues. It can even be difficult to follow the development of a particular issue over time as stories rise and fall more in response to the actions and reactions of prominent public figures than to independent reporting based on investigation of events†¦the impression is created of a world of chaotic events and crises that seem to appear and disappear because the news picture offers little explanation of their origins. (Bennett 2007: 4 3) Journalists favor personality over policy not simply because it fits their narrative, but also because the sensationalism generated by larger-than-life personalities like Obama and Palin are elemental to a print media journalist’s being. This deeper personal journalistic bias, according to Bennett, affects citizens, who thereby â€Å"lack the perspective and deliberation necessary to reach confident personal understandings, much less public consensus, about many important issues† as a result (Bennett 2007: 37). In conclusion, and in fairness, every employed journalist serves an economic master. Economists Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse Shapiro measured bias electronically, through endorsements as well as language used in several newspapers, and found that â€Å"the biases of newspapers closely reflected those of their potential readership, neither pushing to the extremes nor pulling to the centre† (Harford, 2010, p. 13) Harford cautions this does not mean that â €Å"newspapers have no influence on readers. It’s just that the influence runs both ways. Readers†¦are offered news which reinforces the way they look at the world, but such newspapers are careful to listen to their readers, too. Commercial survival depends on it† (Harford, 2010, p. 13). Also, as Hoyt aptly point out, bias â€Å"is a tricky thing. None of us are objective. We like news that supports our views and dislike what may challenge them. We tend to pick apart each article, word by word, failing to remember that it is part of a river of information from which facts can be plucked to support many points of view. Perversely, we magnify what displeases us and minimize what we like (Hoyt, 2008, p. 12). In the Obama campaign, strident journalists put their hopes and dreams into a candidate that galvanized voters. The first black man to run for president came to represent real hope for change, and many journalists not only bought into that story line, but also m ade additions to it, and steered it consciously towards it desired end of a term in the White House. The issue is not Obama himself. The issue is the narrative that underpins print media coverage. By maintaining a narrative spin on the news, print media journalists create a false sense of simplicity. Liberals are good. Conservatives are bad. Personality means more than policy. It’s a black and white arbitrary interpretation of truth that fundamentally contradicts the gray nature of life. Life itself is impartial; it accepts all interpretations, champions none, and is inherently context bound. However, â€Å"in a world full of left- and right-leaning customers, perhaps impartiality is a luxury a commercial newspaper can ill-afford (Harford, 2010, p. 13). References Anon (2009) EDITORIAL: Palin ‘s biggest opponent: media bias. Augusta Chronicle. Web. Bennett, W. L. (2007) News content: four information biases that matter. In: News: The Politics of Illusion, 7th edition. New York, Pearson/Longman. Dunne, F. P. Brainy Quote. Retrieved from Brainy Quote. Web. Goldberg, J. (2010) The new frontier: ‘Covering’ conservatives. USA Today. 2010: 7A. Web. Hoyt, C. (2010) Keeping Their Opinions to Themselves. New York Times. 2008: 12(L). Web. Kersten, K. (2010) Media bias: Where Do They Sign Up? One Place Is The Journolist Listserv, Where Liberalism Is Boldly Embraced. Star Tribune. 2010: 3OP. Web. Harford, T. (2010) In Search Of Hard Facts About Media Bias; The Undercover Economist. Financial Times  2010:13. Web. Twain, M. BrainyQuote.com. Brainy Quote. Web. 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