birth control education essays

anti-conception medication training articles The issue of anti-conception medication being educated or potentially circulated in state funded schools is one worth discussing. In science and wellbeing classes understudies are instructed in generation and sexuality, yet not about such conception prevention techniques, for example, condoms and contraception pills. While guardians may contact quickly on the subject, some vibe too humiliated to even consider discussing it with their youngsters or esteem it pointless. This is a terrible game-plan in light of the fact that the world is presently collaborating with hormonally determined young people lacking crucial data about close to home security. They have an aching to rehearse the most established impulse that people have, which is to reproduce. The schools have no motivation to not be instructing the other, increasingly significant, half of sex training. This activity looks bad as figuring out how to include, however not take away. The city is just one of the many confronting this issue in the face. It is a difficult that knows no class, religion, or sex. On the off chance that each network willingly volunteered to address this issue with youth, at that point they could dispose of a national issue. It is anything but difficult to see that absence of information concerning contraception is a cut off issue confronting todays youth. While the high schooler pregnancy rate is far lower than it has been previously, the quantity of adolescents contaminated by explicitly transmitted sicknesses is on the ascent. Half of sex instruction isn't sufficient. Despite the fact that 98% of understudies get sexuality instruction, 55% of them despite everything have questions concerning anti-conception medication techniques, the avoidance of STDs, and how to buy assurance privately. The test of STD avoidance in the United States is obviously shown by the way that 85% of the most widely recognized irresistible ailments in the U.S.A. are spread explicitly. This is the most noteworthy out of all the industrialized countries on the planet. Why, in the U.S. the paces of contamination are 50-100 times more noteworthy than in some other of the industrialized country. A companion of mine, whom we will ca ll Miss. Q for trust... <!

Pas vs Euthanasia Free Essays

string(170) with regards to clinical confusions, blunders, carelessness, or conscious murdering have been exhibited by the lawful and expert acknowledgment of specific cases. Each individual has the ability to settle on choices over a mind-blowing span. Individuals settle on decisions consistently, and the control individuals have over their own lives that permits them to do as such. This capacity to have alternatives and have the option to settle on choices ought not stop to exist as a patient methodologies the finish of life. We will compose a custom exposition test on Pas versus Euthanasia or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Individuals reserve the privilege to accept unequivocally in close to home self-governance and have the assurance to control the finish of their lives as wished (DeSpelder 238). Around the finish of life, individuals should at present be allowed to decide, so as to permit them some type of control in a real existence. The alternative for Physician Assisted Suicide takes into consideration those, who are moving toward death, to take their lives without losing any poise. Doctor Assisted Suicide is the point at which a doctor purposefully helps an individual in submitting their own self destruction by giving medications to self organization at a deliberate and skilled solicitation (Oliver 2006). With Physician Assisted Suicide, the doctor furnishes the patient with a medicine for a deadly portion of drug, and guiding on the dosages and the strategies the patient must finish to finish the demonstration (Sanders 2007). The doctor might be available while the patient self-oversees the drug, in spite of the fact that this isn't legitimately required. Additionally, the doctor, or some other individual, can't help the patient in regulating the drug (Darr 2007). Doctor Assisted Suicide ought not be mistaken for Euthanasia. In the act of Physician Assisted Suicide, the patient makes the last organization of the deadly drug. Most definitely, it is a purposeful activity finished with the aim to hurry or cause the passing of an individual (Sanders 2007). Doctor Assisted Suicide is just legitimate in the province of Oregon, while Euthanasia is illicit over the United States. Despite the fact that Euthanasia is illicit, it was performed calmly by a doctor by the name of Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Dr. Kevorkian would commonly begin an IV running saline, and permit the patient to then start the progression of barbituates and potassium chloride which would bring about death (Darr 2007). Subsequent to having aided the passings of almost 130 individuals through the span of ten years, Dr. Kevorkian was seen as liable of having given a man a deadly infusion which caused the man’s passing, and Dr. Kevorkian was condemned to jail. Albeit some may see Dr. Kevorkian’s fill in as off-base and improper, others bolster him and his image as the open discussion on moral and legitimate issues encompassing Physician Assisted Suicide (DeSpelder 238). There are a wide range of types or types of Euthanasia. These kinds of Euthanasia are: detached killing, dynamic willful extermination, dynamic deliberate willful extermination, and dynamic automatic willful extermination. Latent willful extermination is the event of a characteristic demise through the stopping of life-bolster gear or the end of life-supporting clinical methodology. Dynamic willful extermination is a purposeful activity to end the life of a person. Deliberate dynamic willful extermination is the mediation of deadly infusion to end the life of an intellectually able, enduring person who has mentioned to have their life put to an end. The last type of Euthanasia is dynamic willful killing in which a doctor has interceded in such a manner to cause the patient’s demise, however without the assent from the patient (Scherer 13). One may wish to encounter Euthanasia to end their life for some reasons. Numerous patients wish for control and impact over the way and timing of their own demise. The person in question may likewise wish to keep up their respect and wish to have alleviation of serious torment that might be brought about by a terminal disease. Different contemplations that may influence the decision for Euthanasia include needing to maintain a strategic distance from the potential for maltreatment from their primary care physician, family, human services protection, and society (Scherer vii). Then again, a patient may wish to seek after Physician Assisted Suicide, or a rushed demise, on account of an ailment related encounter, for example, anguishing side effects, useful misfortunes, and the impacts of torment meds on their body. The patient may likewise feel that the puzzle of death is a danger to their feeling of self, and wish for a type of authority over the issue. Additionally, patients may fear for the future most definitely. A contrary past involvement in death, and the dread of turning into a weight on amily and companions, can extraordinarily impact a person’s decision to look for Physician Assisted Suicide. As the finish of life is drawn nearer, care can turn out to be considerably more included, setting strain on the individuals who are answerable for thinking about the withering (Quill 93). In thinking about the at death's door and those close to death, certain drugs might be endorsed to lessen torment and a patient’s involvement in misery. When controlling such drugs trying to control manifestations, a doctor or medical caretaker may incidentally cause a person’s passing. This event is known as ‘double effect’ (Oliver 2006). The regulation of twofold impact expresses that ‘a destructive impact of treatment, regardless of whether it brings about death, is passable if the damage isn't planned and happens as a reaction of a helpful action’ (DeSpelder 238). Since the measurement of meds may should be acclimated to ease torment at explicit times of end-of-life, almost certainly, respiratory trouble may happen soon subsequently, prompting demise. This has gotten known as ‘terminal sedation’, yet the Supreme Court has decided that such examples don't represent Euthanasia or Physician Assisted Suicide on the grounds that the primary plan was to soothe torment (DeSpelder 239). It might show up on occasion as if the law and clinical calling hold solid perspectives that contradict helping demise, yet from numerous points of view, they have additionally demonstrated that in specific situations, hurrying passing can be advocated. Rushing demise through intercessions which don't occur with regards to clinical intricacies, mistakes, carelessness, or purposeful murdering have been shown by the lawful and expert acknowledgment of specific cases. You read Pas versus Euthanasia in class Papers Both the law and clinical calling take into account the privilege of an equipped grown-up to deny any kind of treatment, including one which may spare their life. Specialists are given the option to pull back or retain any medications that the person in question sees as worthless or not in the patient’s wellbeing; this incorporates life sparing and life delaying medicines. As referenced beforehand, Doctors are lawfully additionally given the option to utilize their circumspection in overseeing high-portion sedatives with regards to palliative consideration (Sanders 2007). In taking a gander at such situations, it is hard to comprehend why Physician Assisted Suicide is illicit in with or without states from Oregon, yet comparative systems and activities, that end in a similar result, are lawful in all states. The main state wherein Physician Assisted Suicide is legitimate is the territory of Oregon. Oregon passed the Death with Dignity Act in 1997 which permitted the critically ill to take their lives intentionally through the self organization of deadly meds, recommended by a doctor, for this accurate reason (Death). Any doctors, who are against supporting somebody in consummation their life, may decline to endorse the deadly prescriptions, yet each is given the capacity and decision to take an interest (DeSpelder 237). In spite of the fact that Oregon is the main state wherein Physician Assisted Suicide is legitimate, California, Vermont and Washington all would like to follow in Oregon’s strides in authorizing this training (Ball 2006). Since Physician Assisted Suicide is legitimate in the province of Oregon, it might be expected that an excessive number of individuals will exploit such an utility and, that it has potential for misuse (Quill 6). This isn't really obvious. In Oregon, a normal of 50 individuals exploit Physician Assisted Suicide every year; yet a lot more than this really get the deadly drugs and decide not to utilize them (Oliver 2006). Maybe it is the inclination of having these drugs to swear by that gives individuals comfort. Individuals who get a medicine from their doctors for these deadly meds realize that in the event that they ever arrive at where they feel as though they can't live any more, they don't need to. Some different realities about patients who decide to finish Physician Assisted Suicide are that most of the individuals who took the deadly meds were bound to be separated or never wedded as opposed to wedded or bereaved, had levels of training higher than general instruction, and had either HIV and AIDS or dangerous neoplasms (Darr 2007). Despite the fact that Physician Assisted Suicide was made legitimate in Oregon, there have been numerous examples where the United States Supreme Court has endeavored to give Physician Assisted Suicide an awful picture. In 1997, the Supreme Court contrasted two cases related with Physician Assisted Suicide. The cases were Washington versus Glucksberg, and Vacco versus Plume. In the examination of these two cases, the Supreme Court took a gander at retaining and pulling back medicines against Physician Assisted Suicide. The Court presumed that ‘the option to deny treatment depended on the option to keep up one’s substantial honesty, not on an option to rush death’ however when medicines are pulled back or retained, ‘the aim is to respect the patient’s wishes, not cause demise, dissimilar to PAS where the patient is â€Å"killed† by the deadly medication’ (DeSp

UGA on the Road - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

UGA on the Road - UGA Undergraduate Admissions UGA on the Road I had a chance to speak with a group of Athens students and parents last night, talking mostly about the college admissions process, but also a little about UGA. In some ways, these students are a little luckier than others, as UGA is right around the corner, and they are able to visit our campus at almost any time they are free. For most students, it takes a little more planning (or sometimes a great deal more) to visit the college of their choice. That is why, from September to November, admissions counselors from all around the nation begin their travel season, visiting high schools and attending college fairs. Sometimes, I think it should almost be a show on National Geographic, with the camera crew following the migratory trek of the admissions officer, venturing out from its home on an eight week journey, only to return again to its natural habitat, exhausted, a little brain-dead, and happy its journey is complete. For those wanting to follow the travels of our counselors this fall, we have the Meet UGA Near You web site ( updated weekly) with a database listing of our offices travels. Even if UGA is going to be visiting your high school or attending a college fair in your area, we still heavily suggest that you visit our campus. I hope everyones summer is finishing up well, and good luck with the start of school in the next few weeks! UGA on the Road - UGA Undergraduate Admissions UGA on the Road Fall travel has begun! It’s the time of year when admissions counselors leave their offices and head out for college fairs, college nights, high school visits, counselor programs and other recruitment events. This means you’ll be seeing a lot of UGA people on the road this fall. To find out if a representative is going to be in your area, be sure to check our Meet UGA Near You page for a full list of events, fairs, visits, etc. that we will be attending. This page is updated daily as travel plans continue to be made. Georgia students, if you are attending a PROBE fair, be sure to register online ahead of time! When you register online, you will be able to print out a bar code to take with you to the fair. College representatives will be able to simply scan your bar code to capture your information. This will prevent you from having to fill out a different information card for each college you speak to. While youre looking through travel schedules, consider looking up who the admissions counselor is for your school and sending a quick a message. Whether its just to say hello or to suggest places we visit while in your area, we love to hear from prospective students! Go Dawgs! UGA on the Road - UGA Undergraduate Admissions UGA on the Road The end of August means one thing in the world of college admissions: The start of Fall travel! Every fall, droves of college admissions counselors depart from their campuses like flocks of migrating birds, heading out to college fairs, college nights, high school visits, counselor programs, and recruitment events, only to return to their college nest in late October/mid November. Some will be out for two to three weeks, while others (not UGA) will be on the road for 10+ weeks. What does this mean for prospective students and parents? You will be seeing a lot of UGA people on the road this fall. And to track where we are, go to the UGA On The Road page for more travel details.This page will be updated weekly to show any new programs or visits our admission team will be attending. Now, here is my request for all prospective students and parents. When admissions officers are on the road, many times they are dashing from program to program, and are not always able to learn about the wonderful and unique restaurants, hotels and/or events in your community. Many times, it is easier to stop by a Subway shop on your way from High School A to High School B, and they miss the places that make your hometown great. So if you see that UGA will be visiting your area, go to the UGA Counselor Page and send the counselor assigned to your area a quick email letting them know about the hometown places they may want to visit when they are in your area. If you still are not sure who will be visiting your area (there is some overlap of travel territories), you can send an email to the most likely person and they can forward it on to the correct counselor if it is not them. In addition, this is a great way to break the ice when communicating with a college admissions counselor. Instead of just asking about a specific major, the football team or the weather, you can now have a reason to contact the counselor, and you will be giving them insight into your community.

Christmas Idea List for Playing the Ice Breaker Game Would You Rather

History of African Americans and Higher Education Essay...

For blacks, the history of higher education typically points to segregated education. Before the Civil War, the social system promoted the belief that blacks wouldn’t get return on their time spent in higher education. Brown and Ricard (2007) noted that most North institutions were reluctant to allow black enrollment in colleges and universities, and in the South, where slaveholder’s were still powerhouse businessmen, slaves would never be allowed to become more educated than their owners. The reluctance of the White leaders to allow blacks to formally be accepted into higher education programs held blacks back from achieving what many aspired to, and were fully capable of, experience. Through research of the literature, this paper will†¦show more content†¦When ex-slaves demanded a formal public schooling, they were really asking the South to develop and embrace a relatively new philosophy of education. Effectively, they were having white southerners pay for the education of people they once â€Å"owned† as property, and had the right to receive what most whites in the region hadn’t had available previously. According to Anderson (n.d.), the Reconstruction Era (1877) presented a unique problem for black professionals. Although more blacks were becoming qualified for educational and employment opportunities, the job demand shifted to industrial needs. For black leaders, having to get industrial training instead of a broader, more useful education was a beneficial short term answer for employment. The primary advocate for industrial training was Booker T. Washington. Washington, educated at the Tuskegee Institute located in Alabama, expressed publicly that manual labor will be more beneficial to individuals because that was the type of work available (Anderson, n.d.). On the opposite side of Washington’s argument for occupational training was W. E. B. Du Bois. Du Bois, who came from Harvard, had higher aspirations than occupational education, â€Å"with a conviction that Black life and culture should be a primary topic of Black thought and investigation† (Anderson, n.d. p.1). Considering the value of a general degree in comparison to a technicalShow MoreRelatedA City Where Black Power Won : The Origins Of The Black Panther Party On College Campuses1350 Words   |  6 PagesSuddler AAS 385: Urban History 31 March 2016 The movement of African American migrants out of the South and into northern California laid the foundation for the development of the Black Panther Party (BPP), which served as a voice for the black community. With this new wave of black migrant families into California came a new, younger generation whose Southern roots had not yet been formed. As young migrants assimilated into their new environments, their exposure to higher education mixed with the cultureRead MoreAfrican American Studies : The Matrix Of American Ethnic Studies972 Words   |  4 Pagesmore access to Higher Education, there has been a trend for a presence of Ethnic Studies in Academia. These â€Å"Area† Focused disciplines tries to distinguish their goals apart from other disciplines, which encourages Ethnic Studies to constantly change. 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Some of the literatureRead MoreAfrican American Professionals And Higher Education1142 Words   |  5 Pagesresearching, African-American professionals in higher education, I never realized that indeed there was truth in the obstacles, restrictions and biases in their way that must be overcome. In this research paper we will highlight and discuss some of the reasons that African- American professionals faces in higher education and some of the resources, that can be used to dismantle the indifferences. The progress has been slow in the academic arena for African-Americans in higher education. It has beingRead MoreAfrican American Nontraditional Students Case Study966 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American Nontraditional Female Students Recent studies indicate an increase in the numbers of nontraditional students returning to colleges; the enrollment of students ages 25 and older rose by 13 percent between 1997 and 2007. NCES (2009) reported that from 2006 to 2017, there will be a continual increase in enrollment to nearly 20 percent for this age group (Bonner et al., 2015; Kenner Weinerman, 2011; Ross-Gordon, 2011). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) there are 162Read MoreMinority Serving Institutions ( Msis )1415 Words   |  6 PagesMinority-Serving Institutions (MSIs) serves to provide a college education for citizens across racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences that were excluded from higher education throughout the United States History. Minority-Serving Institutions work towards producing superior results with fewer resources while being evaluated using the same accreditation standards as prestigious majority public and private institutions (Fester, 2012, p. 816). Minority-Serving I nstitutions are represented byRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States Of America951 Words   |  4 Pagescapital become important when economically developing a country. In the attempt to develop America, African Americans and minorities have suffered greatly in finding their identity within their history and equality among those who have discovered their individualities. Slaves were usually Africans who were forced into North and South America. Slaves were built into the constitution and then creating the history of the United States of America. For example, there are three main clauses in the US constitutionRead MoreIs Affirmative Action in Higher Education Outdated?783 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Is Affirmative Action in Higher Education Outdated? Affirmative action policies have been in place since 1957 (Rubio 144). Presidents Kennedy and Johnson signed executive orders in 1961 and 1964, respectively, requiring government agencies and their contractors to take affirmative steps to ensure minority participation. Johnsons order was modified two years later to include women. 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On torture Free Essays

In that day and age it was all too easy for criminals to flee from a crime UN accused and unpunished seeing as there was no major arm of law present to further investigate certain crimes or follow up on possible suspects, s a result when an individual was caught for a crime or under suspicion they were tortured as a means to obtain a confession. The Justice system and the practice of torture presented both the victims and the accused with many problems however this was all due to the harsh realities of the 18th century. From a modern point of view torture is seen as outrageous and inhumane however in the 18th century it was practiced as an attempt to set an example for society and lower the overall crime rate, although the barbarity of these acts reflects poorly on behalf the 1 8th century society there were still many people who saw torture for its egregious nature and advocated for more tolerant alternatives. We will write a custom essay sample on On torture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Torture was used since the beginning of collocation however the practice became extremely popular during the 18th century, an era where using brute force was regularly encouraged. Torture existed well before the eighteenth century; the Greeks and Egyptians also used torture as means of obtaining a confession however torture for the purpose of interrogation was usually conducted in private it was hidden because they were aware of the social and political Implications that followed. As Roman law adapted torture became part of the official Justice system of the 1 8th century, a system where the accused we tried, tortured and executed in public so that everyone was aware of the punishment that would follow crime. Torture was at its peak during the inquisition period where heretics were persecuted and tortured if they refused to change their religion or admit they were not Roman Catholic. It was this period, which were called â€Å"the witch trials† that reintroduced torture to Europe. Slaves and others of lower class were also falsely accused and tortured for petty individual would suffer being stretched on the rack, a public whipping or exposure in the stocks. Torture was used to set an example to others in society as an attempt to lower the overall crime rate and obtain a confession. Most punishments in the 18th century took place in public; torture was an elaborate and shocking practice that was intended to discourage anyone who watched from crime. It was a threat to all criminals and a warning to all citizens, in a day countless amounts of people were tortured to death without a trial or a clear dissertation of their offense. This caused an outrage amongst many members of society who wanted to see change and improvement on a level where issues were approached in a more humanistic manner. Many enlightenment philosophies protested for a more tolerant society, people like Voltaire spoke against the evils of the Justice system and torture until he died. In his writing Scientific Religion he says: â€Å"What horror is this, a secret Judgment a more execrable tyranny than that of spilling blood on a whim without giving the least reason, it is important for everyone that such decisions should be biblically justified† (Brains, 1998) Voltaire biggest issue with torture was the fact that people were not Justified with an explanation for what they had done, they were not given a trial or a chance to defend themselves. It was said that an accused individual would be tortured and if they were indeed not guilty God would save them from their predicament. Torture as a tool of interrogation is not a new phenomenon, in the Greek playwright â€Å"The Frogs† the Aristotelian asked a character which method they should use to torture a slave and he replied: â€Å"In any mode you please pile bricks upon him, stuff his SSE with acid, flay, rack him, hoist him or flog him with a scourge of prickly bristles† (Ramose, Dupes, Zoological, Careened, 2005) The method of piling bricks on an individual was used to force the person into a plea of guilty or not guilty during a felony case. Flaying involved the removal of a portion of the skin from the body, flaying was also used as a method of execution, when a larger portion of skin was removed. The rack was a torture device that consisted of a frame with a roller on both ends the victim was chained by the hands and legs to both ends of the frame ND the rollers were turned which would slowly pull the victim’s body in opposite directions causing their Joints to come apart. The process of hoisting an individual consisted of binding the victim’s hands and hanging them by a rope attached to their hands causing their shoulder blades to dislocate. Flogging is a method where an individual is struck with a whip tipped with sharp ends meant to tear the victims flesh. The methods that were described in the playwright were used by the Greeks and then adapted and practiced by the 18th century society. A large number of the 18th century torture methods proved to be Just as their cruel abilities, whether they fell victim to torture through their own actions or due to false accusations. Society was no longer running on the basis of obeying the laws to protect everyone but more so obeying to stay alive. Cesar Bacteria spoke out against the corruption of the Justice system, in his essay on crimes and punishment he tries to educate people on the possible alternatives to torture while still for maintaining order and putting crime at bay: â€Å"It is better to prevent crimes that to knish them†¦ Do you want to prevent crimes? See to that the laws are clear and simple and that the entire force of the nation is in their defense. See to it that men fear the law and nothing else, the fear of laws is salutary but the fear of men is a fruitful and fatal source of crimes. † (Halls, 1977) Cesar understood that torture would never be the solution to crime and he made it clear in his essay that it was barbaric and outrageous and if there were to be any advancement in the 18th century society torture had to end. From a modern point of view torture is seen as outrageous and inhumane however in the 18th century it was practiced as an attempt to set an example for society and lower the overall crime rate, although the barbarity of these acts reflect poorly on behalf the 18th century society there were still many people who saw torture for its egregious nature and advocated for more tolerant alternatives. Torture was used since the beginning of civilization and then adapted by 18th century Romans however they changed the practice in to something more horrific than it originally was. How to cite On torture, Papers

Print Media Journalism

Finley Peter Dunne once wrote that newspapers â€Å"comfort the afflicted, [and] afflict the comfortable† (Dunne, n.d.) Mark Twain echoed, â€Å"If you don’t read the newspaper, you are uninformed; if you do read the newspaper, you are misinformed† (Twain, n.d.) Although nearly a century has passed since Dunne and Twain both dismissed the media as hopelessly biased, little has changed. Print media bias continues to frustrate access to truth and clear thinking for the average citizen.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Print Media Journalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the case of the Obama campaign, we see the inherent problem with print media journalism clearly illuminated. Print media obsessively covers magnetic, charismatic personalities who support and maintain an over-simplified narrative ethos, one that inherently polarizes news subjects along confrontational, partisan lines: good versus evil, liberal versus conservative. Issues remain secondary, and personalities that do not fit these tight narrative parameters often receive no coverage at all. Passivity and cynicism in newspaper consumers is the result. Print media bias reduces politicians to stock characters, and spends more time on their personalities than their policies. This creates a skewed and dangerous belief that newspapers are like any other scripted form of entertainment, replete with villains and heroes, and obscures the reality that politicians and their policies have real and lasting impact on the daily lives of newspaper consumers. In a perfect world, newspapers contribute to the â€Å"shared critical understandings on which healthy citizen involvement thrives† (Bennett 2007: 35). While Bennett acknowledges that 60 percent of those surveyed perceive print media as biased, he feels bias unlikely to â€Å"seep through a code of professional ethics that emphasizes impartiality as a core v alue,† though he acknowledges the code may be â€Å"fraying in some areas due to the economic pressures favoring sensationalism, or in cases such as FOX News, where bias has become a financially successful formula (Bennett 2007: 35). Generally speaking, Bennett believes the concern about ideological media bias less important than other forms of media bias, because when â€Å"reporters lose their perspectives, there are editors there to correct them. Reporters are small cogs in large business organizations that have a vested interest in producing a marketable, neutral product† (Bennett, 2007, p. 35) Bennett upholds the centrist view of print media journalism, though he accepts that â€Å"as the political bounds of conflict within government shift, the center may move,† and indeed has â€Å"swung to the Right in recent times, and these swings may reflect more the power balance in Washington than the general politics of the American public† (Bennett, 2007, p . 36)Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While â€Å"many American are caught up in dead-end debates about ideological news bias that is less dangerous than commonly assumed, few are noticing other information biases that are really worth worrying about. A more sensible approach to news bias is to look for those universal information problems that hinder the efforts of citizens, whatever their ideology, to take part in political life† (Bennett 2007: 40). This outlook is rosy, however, and Bennett’s faith in the centrism of reporters smacks of fantasy. The Obama campaign of 2008 saw left-leaning newspaper journalists openly manipulating facts and coverage to favor Obama and hobble his running mate John McCain. Washington Post ombudsman Deborah Howell confessed â€Å"that the Post had given Obama front-page coverage three times more often than McCain — a à ¢â‚¬Å"disparity †¦ so wide,† she admitted, â€Å"that it doesn’t look good† (Kersten 2010, p. 30). Print media focuses almost exclusively on personality to generate stories. In the Obama campaign, we saw the personalities of the front-runners under scrutiny far more than their platforms. Print media painted Obama as the virile, shining knight, standing up for innovation, committed to change, while McCain limped along behind in coverage, too old to factor in much at all. Members of the newspaper reporters’ invitation-only listserv Journolist conspired online to stage-manage Obama’s â€Å"non-official campaign,† and members encouraged each other to â€Å"bang away at McCain’s age† (Kersten 2010, p. 30). When ABC News brought a relationship between Obama and militant Reverend Jeremiah Wright to light, Journolist members â€Å"sensed a threat to an Obama victory. They urged their compatriots to bury the story and to attack any journalist who might consider covering it† (Kersten 2010, p. 30). Reporters scripted Obama and McCain, and manipulated the facts to fit the characterizations they had created. Newspaper consumers, therefore, had little else available to them other than a carefully plotted Mexican stand-off between the old guard, McCain, and the bastion of the new, Obama. Bennett (2007), interestingly, echoes this: The focus on personalities encourages a passive spectator attitude among the public. Whether the focus is on sympathetic heroes and victims or hateful scoundrels and culprits, the media preference for personalized human-interest news creates a â€Å"can’t-see-the-forest-for-the-trees† information bias that makes it difficult to see the big (institutional) picture that lies beyond the many actors crowding center stage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 41).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Print Media Journalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pa ge Learn More The relentless management of personality to suit a pre-existing narrative framework in the Obama campaign led to Obama’s victory, yes, however the cost was a severely discredited print media. More importantly, in the case of the Obama campaign, we saw print media bias leveled against one particular target, one that provided the needs of the narrative perfectly – Sarah Palin. The moment John McCain â€Å"named Sarah Palin as his running mate, Journolist participants strategized about how to poison Palin’s candidacy† (Kersten, 2010, p. 30) In the words of Daniel Levy, Journolist member, Obama’s behind the scenes campaign overseers â€Å"would need to mount a coordinated attack. â€Å"This seems to me like an occasion when the non-official campaign has a big role to play in defining Palin, shaping the terms of the conversation and saying things that the official [Obama] campaign shouldn’t say — very hard-hi tting stuff †¦ scare people about having this †¦ right-wing Christian wing-nut a heartbeat away† (Kersten, 2010, p. 30) Why did the print media go after Palin with such fervor? She fit the requirements of its narrative, to a much greater extent than did McCain. In the Obama campaign drama, McCain was a bit too cultured and sympathetic to function as a decent foil for Obama. Palin, by contrast, the â€Å"rube from Alaska† that shot wolves from helicopters and had a grandchild from a pregnant teenage daughter made the perfect antagonist (Hoyt, 2010, p. 12). Her personality was antithetical to Obama: Palin spoke plainly and earnestly; she was earthy, unsophisticated, gauche, mawkishly patriotic, and â€Å"ardently pro-life† (Anon, 2009, n. pag.) This match-up made for print media narrative gold. Print media bias openly altered facts to sustain the action, and its skilful treatment of Palin showed â€Å"in the public at large, as well: Interviews of Barack Obama supporters on Election Day last year show them blindly assigning some of the campaign’s most embarrassing gaffes, quite mistakenly, to Palin — when, in fact, they came from Obama. Example: Who said he or she had visited all â€Å"57† states? Palin, of course! Nope. That was our president (Anon, 2009, n. pag.) Although some newspapers acknowledged Palin as an â€Å"electrifying speechmaker† who generated â€Å"enormous fervor at her events,† this type of coverage remained random and infrequent (Hoyt, 2008, p. 12). In keeping with the print media’s bias for characterization and dramatization over substantial political analysis, Palin’s policies, or even analysis of why she enjoyed such popular appeal, were relegated to obscurity.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this point in the discussion, one may ask why does the print media sustain this bias for personality over policy, drama over fact? In the Obama campaign, why did the personalities involved trump the issues? Some writers blame news consumers, insinuating that the public wants entertainment only, and that true political analysis would not, and does not, sell. â€Å"While entirely unbiased reporting is an impossible dream, why don’t readers insist that their newspapers try harder to stick to the facts? The obvious explanation is that proprietors use papers as political tools, pulling the strings until we puppets tick the right box. An alternative view is that readers do not want a determinedly unbiased reporting of dry facts, but wish to be entertained and to have our biases confirmed† (Harford, 2010, p. 13). An obvious point, however, blaming the consumer sounds like laziness. Instead, a deeper analysis reveals a deeper bias, specific to journalists themselves, regard less of their political leanings, given that â€Å"journalists have a whole set of professional biases that have nothing to do with politics. Journalists are biased toward conflict, toward bad news because it is more exciting than good news, and, obviously, toward what is new† (Hoyt, 2008, p. 12). Bennett details the effect that this deeper bias engenders on newspaper consumers. News â€Å"comes to us in sketchy, dramatic capsules that make it difficult to see the causes of problems, their historical significance, or the connection across issues. It can even be difficult to follow the development of a particular issue over time as stories rise and fall more in response to the actions and reactions of prominent public figures than to independent reporting based on investigation of events†¦the impression is created of a world of chaotic events and crises that seem to appear and disappear because the news picture offers little explanation of their origins. (Bennett 2007: 4 3) Journalists favor personality over policy not simply because it fits their narrative, but also because the sensationalism generated by larger-than-life personalities like Obama and Palin are elemental to a print media journalist’s being. This deeper personal journalistic bias, according to Bennett, affects citizens, who thereby â€Å"lack the perspective and deliberation necessary to reach confident personal understandings, much less public consensus, about many important issues† as a result (Bennett 2007: 37). In conclusion, and in fairness, every employed journalist serves an economic master. Economists Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse Shapiro measured bias electronically, through endorsements as well as language used in several newspapers, and found that â€Å"the biases of newspapers closely reflected those of their potential readership, neither pushing to the extremes nor pulling to the centre† (Harford, 2010, p. 13) Harford cautions this does not mean that â €Å"newspapers have no influence on readers. It’s just that the influence runs both ways. Readers†¦are offered news which reinforces the way they look at the world, but such newspapers are careful to listen to their readers, too. Commercial survival depends on it† (Harford, 2010, p. 13). Also, as Hoyt aptly point out, bias â€Å"is a tricky thing. None of us are objective. We like news that supports our views and dislike what may challenge them. We tend to pick apart each article, word by word, failing to remember that it is part of a river of information from which facts can be plucked to support many points of view. Perversely, we magnify what displeases us and minimize what we like (Hoyt, 2008, p. 12). In the Obama campaign, strident journalists put their hopes and dreams into a candidate that galvanized voters. The first black man to run for president came to represent real hope for change, and many journalists not only bought into that story line, but also m ade additions to it, and steered it consciously towards it desired end of a term in the White House. The issue is not Obama himself. The issue is the narrative that underpins print media coverage. By maintaining a narrative spin on the news, print media journalists create a false sense of simplicity. Liberals are good. Conservatives are bad. Personality means more than policy. It’s a black and white arbitrary interpretation of truth that fundamentally contradicts the gray nature of life. Life itself is impartial; it accepts all interpretations, champions none, and is inherently context bound. However, â€Å"in a world full of left- and right-leaning customers, perhaps impartiality is a luxury a commercial newspaper can ill-afford (Harford, 2010, p. 13). References Anon (2009) EDITORIAL: Palin ‘s biggest opponent: media bias. Augusta Chronicle. Web. Bennett, W. L. (2007) News content: four information biases that matter. In: News: The Politics of Illusion, 7th edition. New York, Pearson/Longman. Dunne, F. P. Brainy Quote. Retrieved from Brainy Quote. Web. Goldberg, J. (2010) The new frontier: ‘Covering’ conservatives. USA Today. 2010: 7A. Web. Hoyt, C. (2010) Keeping Their Opinions to Themselves. New York Times. 2008: 12(L). Web. Kersten, K. (2010) Media bias: Where Do They Sign Up? One Place Is The Journolist Listserv, Where Liberalism Is Boldly Embraced. Star Tribune. 2010: 3OP. Web. Harford, T. (2010) In Search Of Hard Facts About Media Bias; The Undercover Economist. Financial Times  2010:13. Web. Twain, M. BrainyQuote.com. Brainy Quote. Web. This essay on Print Media Journalism was written and submitted by user Vargas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

20 Essay Topics for ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a Literary Analysis

20 Essay Topics for ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a Literary Analysis Writing a literary analysis essay about a classical literary work is a common assignment in literature courses. Not only does it force students to read the original text, but it also pushes them to delve into the author’s opinions and commentaries on the text. ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the richest novels when it comes to themes and ideas, which is why many instructors choose it for literary analysis write-ups. If you have this book on your reading list and have to write a literary analysis on it, refer to the list below to decide on an aspect to tackle. If you want to come up with your own idea, check our 10 facts on ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a literary analysis. Without further ado, the topics: The Role of Pearl in Hester’s Transformation An Exploration of the Relationship between Hester’s Identity and the Scarlet Letter The Contrast between Herter’s Self-Created Identity and the One Which Society Assigns to Her The Scarlet Letter as a Commentary on the American History The Use of Symbols: Puritan vs. the Narrator The Functions of Physical Settings in the Scarlet Letter An Analysis of Chillingworth’s Ideas of Revenge Pearl: A Blessing and a Curse for Hester Pearl as a Symbol of Hester’s Conscience The Contrasting Behavior of Children and Adults in the Scarlet Letter Hawthorne’s Ideas of the Inherently Flawed Human as Presented in The Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne: When Women Break Cultural Bonds and Gain Personal Power Sphere Imagery: Purpose and Effectiveness The Scarlet Letter: An Embodiment of the Tradition of Romanticism? The Difference between Hester and Dimmesdale An Exploration of How Tone, Word Choice, and Symbolism Help In Character Development in the Scarlet Letter The Literary Devices in the Scarlet Letter: Types, Usage and Effect on Persuasiveness Hypocrisy and Conformity in the Scarlet Letter Sin in the Puritan Community: A Comparison between the Punishments of Men and Women Hester Prynne: A Sinner and a Saint You can use these topics as is or tweak them a little to suit the purpose of your thesis. If you wish to explore a more specific aspect, you can choose to refine any of the topics from our list. This will ensure that you choose something substantial and relevant. A sample essay is added below to help inspire your literary analysis. The following lines explore the symbolism of the major characters in the text. Sample Literary Analysis: An Exploration of How Tone, Word Choice, and Symbolism Help in Character Development in the Scarlet Letter ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the prominent romance novels despite not appearing to be one. It delves deeply into the Puritan community, highlighting its rigid rules of life and how its members could suffer by going against them. One of the aspects that make ‘The Scarlet Letter’ truly immortal is the author’s extensive use of symbols. Therefore, in order to understand the text, it is necessary to analyze the myriad of symbols presented. In literature, a symbol is often a concrete idea used to represent a more complex, abstract idea. This idea is broader in meaning and scope, and is usually a religious, philosophical or moral concept. The Puritans view the world through allegories. Simple patterns of nature such as a meteor moving through the sky held a deeply religious meaning. This is just one facet of the repressive thinking. Hawthorne shows their moral attitudes in a different light through the symbolism of his characters. The Puritan society looks at Hester as a woman fallen from grace, Dimmesdale as a saint-like personality, and was likely to consider Chillingworth as a victim and a betrayed husband. The author turns these interpretations around; he ultimately shows Hester as a sensitive human being, strips Dimmesdale of his saint-like faà §ade, and reveals Chillingworth as an offender of humanity who pursues evil and revenge. The Puritan mentality refuses to accept the reality of these characters. Hester is shunned and Dimmesdale’s confession is not believed by many people. This shows that underneath the public displays of piety so favored by Puritanism, there exists a grim underside that goes unseen. The static and stagnant thinking of the Puritanical society is shown through the transformation of characters as symbols and the subsequent refusal of the society to accept this change. Hester is a fallen woman in the beginning; she is publically shamed and shunned, causing her to suffer greatly. She struggles to understand the letter’s symbolic meaning only to come out as a strong woman in the end. Hester gains a unique understanding of humanity and the struggles of other people. As Hawthorne says, The tendency of her fate and fortunes had been to set her free. The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other women dared not tread. Dimmesdale is a private sinner; his sins remain a secret. His public face presents a stark contrast with his private face. The Colony of Massachusetts looks at him as an embodiment of sanctity and goodness, but this is just a faà §ade. Dimmesdale struggles internally and drowns in the storm raging between his holiness and guilt. Dimmesdale is a symbol of hypocrisy and moral weakness. He refuses to do the right thing and the reader comes to view his piety as something superficial. Ultimately, he manages to redeem his soul, albeit quite late. Pearl is by far the strongest of the allegorical images in this text. She symbolizes the freedom of nature. Hester views her as the living hieroglyphic of her sin. Hester describes Pearl to the community leaders by saying, â€Å"she is my happiness! - she is my torture. . . See ye not, she is the scarlet letter, only capable of being loved, and so endowed with a million-fold the power of retribution for my sin? The Scarlet Letter displays symbols through characterization, colors, location and light. The author’s brilliant use of these symbols and their transformation is a major reason for the acclaim and popularity of this classical work and why it has become a peerless example of romance novels. After reading this analysis, you probably have a few suggestions and thoughts to make it appear better. So, quickly jot those down and begin creating an outline for your own literary analysis. If you need more help with this assignment, check out our guide on how to write a literary analysis on ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne. References: Hunter, Dianne, Seduction and theory: readings of gender, representation, and rhetoric. University of Illinois Press. 1989. Pgs. 186-187 Schreiner, Samuel A., Jr. The Concord Quartet: Alcott, Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and the Friendship That Freed the American Mind. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2006: 158.ISBN 978-0-471-64663-1 Crowley, J. Donald, and Orestes Brownson. Chapter 50: [Orestes Brownson], From A Review In Brownsons Quarterly Review. Nathaniel Hawthorne (0-415-15930-X) (1997): 175–179. Literary Reference Center Plus. Wineapple, Brenda. Hawthorne: A Life. Random House: New York, 2003: 209–210. ISBN 0-8129-7291-0. Wright, John Hardy. Hawthornes Haunts in New England. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2008: 47. ISBN 978-1-59629-425-7. McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004: 136. ISBN 0-8021-1776-7 Miller, Edwin Haviland. Salem is my Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991: 299. ISBN 0-87745-332-2

Aluminum or Aluminium Alloys - List

Aluminum or Aluminium Alloys - List An aluminum alloy is a composition consisting mainly of aluminum to which other elements have been added. The alloy is made by mixing together the elements when aluminum is molten (liquid), which cools to form a homogeneous solid solution. The other elements may make up as much as 15 percent of the alloy by mass. Added elements include iron, copper, magnesium, silicon, and zinc. The addition of elements to the aluminum gives the alloy improved strength, workability, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and/or density, compared with the pure metallic element. Aluminum alloys tend to be lightweight and corrosion resistant. List of Aluminum Alloys This is a list of some important aluminum or aluminium alloys. AA-8000: used for building wire per the National Electrical CodeAlclad: aluminum sheet made by bonding high-purity aluminum to a high strength core materialAl-Li (lithium, sometimes mercury)Alnico (aluminum, nickel, copper)Birmabright (aluminum, magnesium)Duralumin (copper, aluminum)Hindalium (aluminum, magnesium, manganese, silicon)Magnalium (5% magnesium)Magnox (magnesium oxide, aluminum)Nambe (aluminum plus seven other unspecified metals)Silumin (aluminum, silicon)Titanal (aluminum, zinc, magnesium, copper, zirconium)Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper)Aluminum forms other complex alloys with magnesium, manganese, and platinum Identifying Aluminum Alloys Alloys have common names, but they may be identified using a four-digit number. The first digit of the number identifies the class or series of alloy. 1xxx - Commercially pure aluminum also has a four-digit numerical identifier. Series 1xxx alloys are made of 99 percent or higher purity aluminum. 2xxx - The principal alloying element in the 2xxx series is copper. Heat treating these alloys improves their strength. These alloys are strong and tough, but not as corrosion resistant as other aluminum alloys, so they are usually painted or coated for use. The most common aircraft alloy is 2024. Alloy 2024-T351 is among the hardest of the aluminum alloys. 3xxx - The main alloying element in this series is manganese, usually with a smaller amount of magnesium. The most popular alloy from this series is 3003, which is workable and moderately strong. 3003 is used to make cooking utensils. Alloy 3004 is one of the alloys used to make aluminum cans for beverages. 4xxx - Silicon is added to aluminum to make 4xxx alloys. This lowers the melting point of the metal without making it brittle. This series is used to make welding wire. Alloy 4043 is used to make filler alloys for welding cars and structural elements. 5xxx - The principal alloying element in the 5xxx series is magnesium. These alloys are strong, weldable, and resist marine corrosion. The 5xxx alloys are used to make pressure vessels and storage tanks and for various marine applications. Alloy 5182 is used to make the lid of aluminum beverage cans. So, aluminum cans actually consist of at least two alloys! 6xxx - Silicon and magnesium are present in 6xxx alloys. The elements combine to form magnesium silicide. These alloys are formable, weldable, and heat treatable. They have good corrosion resistance and moderate strength. The most common alloy in this series is 6061, which is used to make truck and boat frames. Extrusion products from the 6xxx series are used in architecture and to make the iPhone 6. 7xxx - Zinc is the principal alloying element in the series starting with the number 7. The resulting alloy is heat-treatable and very strong. Important alloys are 7050 and 7075, both used to construct aircraft. 8xxx s include 8500, 8510, and 8520. 9xxx - Presently, the series starting with the number 9 is unused. What Is the Strongest Aluminum Alloy? Manganese added to aluminum increases its strength and yields an alloy with excellent workability and corrosion resistance. The highest strength alloy in the non-heat-treatable grade is alloy 5052. Aluminum Alloy Classification In general, the two broad categories of aluminum alloys are wrought alloys and casting alloys. Both of these groups are subdivided into heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable types. Around 85% of aluminum is used in wrought alloys. Cast alloys are relatively inexpensive to produce because of their low melting point, but they tend to have lower tensile strengths than their wrought counterparts. Sources Davis, J.R. (2001). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. Alloying: Understanding the Basics. pp. 351–416.Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. p. 133. ISBN 0-471-65653-4.Kaufman, John Gilbert (2000). Applications for Aluminium Alloys and Tempers. Introduction to aluminum alloys and tempers. ASM International. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-0-87170-689-8.

Nora Sakari - Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nora Sakari - Case - Assignment Example Owing to the smaller size of Sakari, it would expand and increase its market share. Nora is likely to furnish the JV with its long-term good working affiliation with Japanese associates. By entering into a JV with Nora, a larger company, Sakari would benefit from the JV through enhanced marketing capability, which would in turn reinforce its market position. As it appears, Sakari, even though smaller, is the best partner for Nora because it provides Nora with exactly what it needs and each have a working idea of the other because they have been negotiation partners. b) Nora-Sakari’s negotiations failure can be attributed to mutual unawareness about their respective cultures. There was strong opposition from negotiating camps from both Nora and Sakari. First, Sakari seems to have no trust on Nora’s objective of forming the JV as they insinuate that Nora would duplicate their technology, thus becoming a major rival in the market. Coupled with internal politics, the negotiation was deemed for failure. Second, there was a tussle regarding the split of equity ownership. Sakari proposed Equity split of 49% and 51% for Sakari and Nora respectively. On the contrary, Nora gave a counter proposal of 30% and 70% equity split for Sakari and Nora respectively. Third, Sakari proposed that it provides the JV with digital switch basic structure while Nora wanted the digital switch basic structure to be made from the JV Company in order to gain contact with the switching technology. Fourth, Sakari’s proposal for royalty payment was 5% of gross sales while Nora proposed 2% of net sales of the JV. Fifth, there was inconsistency on salaries and perks suggested by the two companies. Last, Nora and Sakari could not agree on where to resolve the negotiation stalemate. The failure to understand variations in national culture and organizational politics played a huge role

The causes and effects of smoking Research Paper - 1

The causes and effects of smoking - Research Paper Example In addition, it is seen that smoking kills more people than HIV, alcohol, road accidents, suicides, and other murders do. Furthermore, about 90% of lung cancer deaths are due to smoking (Smoking & Tobacco Use). However, when the question as to why do people smoke is raised, the answer comes from Hughes (1) that they smoke because they are addicted to nicotine. Another better clarified answer comes from Cockerham (4) that people continue smoking even though it provides an unpleasant sensation in the beginning because people learn how to smoke by having other persons interpret the experience for them and teach them how to enjoy the desirable sensation forgetting the undesirable. It seems that people learn smoking as a social activity, and it often originates in peer groups. It typically takes birth in adolescent groups who are highly likely to imitate adults to look mature. It is often used as a weapon to impress others. However, sooner or later, they start smoking even when they are alone, and develop their dependence on nicotine. In an interview with Gilchrist (How Best to Quit Smoking: Interview with Dr. Randy Gilchrist), he pointed out that people continue to smoke even when they know that their health is eroding because for the smokers, the smoking habit is connected with their many everyday activities and emotional states. Many of these activities act as the triggers to smoke, and in his words, for them, cigarette is something like a ‘reliable old friend that offers relaxation, comfort and focus’ (How best to quit smoking, Interview with Dr. Randy Gilchrist). According to Butler and Hope (362), there are seven reasons that can be pointed out at this juncture. The first one is that some people feel good using cigarette. It might be the feeling of social acceptance. According to some others it is the best way for relaxation. Yet another category is fond of the taste of cigarettes. Another vital revelation is that cigarette offers

Connection of the Mind and Body

Connection of the Mind and Body Paragraphs 1) Why do we feel the way we feel? They rush through you menacingly on a mountain trail when you mistake a twisted stick for a snake or when you feel as if a spider is walking down your neck) . They wash over you gently when your newborn looks your way or when you see any affectionate scene. And when you gaze upon a Monet or call to mind a lilting line of verse, they bring you warmth. Feelings and emotions are woven through every human experience. Emotions are just a part of the human nature. simply, human beings are the most self-conscious animals, and their emotions are considered as base leftovers of their animal selves. societies created civilizations which demanded the need for emotions. the development and prosperities required the formation of numerous feelings. emotions are astounding, indescribable and ineffable ingredients of the human spirit. they are naturally occurring responses and the result of judgments to any situation or a perception of changes taking place within our bodies . for example, we experie nce disgust because our body undergoes physiological changes like queasiness and increased skin temperature at the sight of vomit. emotions generally are dictated to individuals rather than society; they are a result of a persons own evaluation or automatic one to an incident. they are stimulators of reactions based on self-awareness, self consciousness, and the ability to emphasize with others. emotions represent a synthesis of subjective experience, expressive behavior and neurochemical activity. there is a great wide variety of emotions including: anger, fear surprise, disgust, joy and sadness. Feelings can be conscious or unconscious, expressed or unexpressed, positive or negativeor simultaneous. Emotion is at the core of human beings lives, underlying perhaps peoples every motivation, many researchers now agree. It is what we are about, said UC San Francisco psychologist Paul Ekman, an expert decoder of facial expressions. emotions were also described by Department of Veterans Affairs psychiatrist Leslie Brothers as an intangible matter, When you get right down to it, she said, emotion is just a fuzzy, moving target. . . . Its like trying to grab fog. Your hand keeps moving through it. http://smallseotools.com/plagiarism-checker/ 2) How do our thoughts and emotions affect our health? In Woody Allens movie Manhattan, Diane Keaton is breaking up with Woody and wants to know why he isnt angry. I dont get angry, Allen replies, I grow a tumor instead. the mind and emotions play a very important role in the state of health. Therefore, its important for us to recognize and identify our thoughts and emotions, and to be aware of the impact they have—not only on each other, but also on our bodies, behavior, and relationships. Emotions that are freely experienced and expressed without judgment or attachment tend to flow fluidly. On the other hand, repressed emotions (especially fearful or negative ones) can zap mental energy and lead to health problems. emotional disturbances and disorders lead to poor performance of body activities and brings down the immune system making a person more vulnerable for infection, also leads to metabolic illnesses like diabetes. negative feelings like chronic stress from negative attitudes and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness can upset the bodys hormone balance and deplete the brain chemicals required for feelings of happiness. New scientific understandings have also identified the process by which chronic stress can actually decrease peoples lifespan by shortening their telomeres (the â€Å"end caps† of our DNA strands, which play a big role in aging). Poorly managed or repressed anger (hostility) is also related to a slew of health conditions, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, digestive disorders, and infection. negative feelings generally are found to cause heart attacks, cancer, back pain, change in appetite, and chest pain. not only that, but also constipation or diarrhea, dry mouth, insomnia (sleep disorder), sexual problem and sweating. in addition, negative feelings cause palpitations (heart racing), shortness of breath and stiff neck. Positive attitudes on the other hand—such as playfulness, gratitude, awe, love, interest, serenity, and feeling connected to others—have a direct impact on health and wellbeing. The attitude of forgiveness—fully accepting that a negative circumstance has occurred and relinquishing negative feelings surrounding the event—can lead us to experience better mental, emotional and physical health. The Stanford Forgiveness Project trained 260 adults in forgiveness in a 6-week course.70% reported a decrease in their feelings of hurt, 13% experienced reduced anger, 27% experienced fewer physical complaints (for example, pain, gastrointestinal upset, dizziness, etc.) In a landmark study, people who were asked to count their blessings felt happier, exercised more, had fewer physical complaints, and slept better than those who created lists of hassles. Positive emotions generally lead to faster recovery from cardiovascular stress, better sleep, and fewer colds. not onl y that, but also they generate a great sense of overall happiness, physical homeostasis and evokes healthy behavioral responses: less likely to smoke or drink and more likely to exercise. positive feelings lead to a Beneficial physiological responses which include improved sleep quality, and higher levels of antioxidants or good (HDL) cholesterol. 3) Are our bodies and minds distinct from each other or do they function together as parts of an interconnected systems? In the history of thought, the idea that the mind and body are separate has been hotly debated. Probably the most famous statement of mind/body dualism is from the philosopherRenà © Descartes, who in the 17th century argued that there are two different kinds of stuff in the world: stuff extended in space (such as chairs, computers, and human bodies) and stuff which lacks extension but somehow exists as an immaterial substance (the human mind). Many ancient healing systems emphasize the interconnection between mind and body in healing, including Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine, who taught that good health depends on a balance of mind, body, and environment. our bodies and minds are interconnected. the mind is responsible for sending signals which are basically the language of the body. These signals can be hormones which are a type of chemical messengers released by cells and glands. These hormones can be growth factors or other chemicals that influence cells and neurons. there are many systems in the brain that are regulates various functions in the body. First, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the inner structure of the brain and is a part of the nervous system. It is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing and digestion. it also controls all the muscles, organs and glands. When something goes wrong in this system, it can cause serious problems, including blood pressure problems, heart problems, trouble with breathing and swallowing, and erectile dysfunction in men. Autonomic nervous system disorders can occur alone or as the result of another disease, such asParkinsons disease, alcoholism and diabetes. Some autonomic nervous system disorders get better when an underlying disease is treated. This system is further divided into two branches: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system regulates the flight-or-fig ht responses (refers to a physiological reaction that occurs in the presence of something that is terrifying, either mentally or physically). This division also performs such tasks as relaxing the bladder, speeding up heart rate and dilating eye pupils. It increases blood pressure and heart rate. Furthermore, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system helps maintain normal body functions and conserves physical resources. This division also performs such tasks as controlling the bladder, slowing down heart rate and constricting eye pupils. most importantly, the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic system is extremely vital. last but not least, the prefrontal cortex is located in the front of the brain below the forehead. it is responsible for personality expression and planning of complex behaviors and decision-making. people experience the connection everyday in situations ranging from mouth-watering over a delicious looking dessert to butterflies be fore a presentation. in the end, negative outcomes can result from the mind and body interconnection including the failure to meet athletic, academic or professional goal due to fear by the mind. 4) What is the mystery behind the gap that connects our brains to our emotions? The mystery behind the gap that connects the brains to the emotions can be represented in one simple word, neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are the master mind of communication; they are the brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our brain and body. It is a simple process in which the brains consists of nervous cells called neurons which pass notes to control everything in the body. the neurotransmitter send messages from neuron to neuron which consequently determines our emotions and feelings and positive or negative mood. The brain uses neurotransmitters to tell your heart to beat, your lungs to breathe, and your stomach to digest. They can also affect mood, sleep, concentration, weight, and can cause adverse symptoms when they are out of balance. As a matter of fact, it is estimated that 86% of Americans have suboptimal neurotransmitter levels. Stress, poor diet, neurotoxins, genetic predisposition, drugs (prescription and recreational), alcohol and caffeine u sage can cause these levels to be out of optimal range. Different neurotransmitters govern different emotions. For example, serotonin calms us down and helps keep us in a good mood. Serotonin also regulates many other processes such as carbohydrate cravings, sleep cycle, pain control and appropriate digestion. Low serotonin levels are also associated with decreased immune system function. Second, dopamine helps people face life challenges with energy and confidence. It helps with depression as well as focus. Third, norepinephrine disperses concentration, alertness and motivation. It can cause anxiety at elevated excretion levels as well as some mood dampening effects. Low levels of norepinephrine are associated with low energy, decreased focus ability and sleep cycle problems.

Chapter 15 Beauxbatons and Durmstrang

Early next morning, Harry woke with a plan fully formed in his mind, as though his sleeping brain had been working on it all night. He got up, dressed in the pale dawn light, left the dormitory without waking Ron, and went back down to the deserted common room. Here he took a piece of parchment from the table upon which his Divination homework still lay and wrote the following letter: Dear Sirius, I reckon I just imagined my scar hurting, I was half asleep when I wrote to you last time. There's no point coming back, everything's fine here. Don't worry about me, my head feels completely normal. Harry He then climbed out of the portrait hole, up through the silent castle (held up only briefly by Peeves, who tried to overturn a large vase on him halfway along the fourth-floor corridor), finally arriving at the Owlery, which was situated at the top of West Tower. The Owlery was a circular stone room, rather cold and drafty, because none of the windows had glass in them. The floor was entirely covered in straw, owl droppings, and the regurgitated skeletons of mice and voles. Hundreds upon hundreds of owls of every breed imaginable were nestled here on perches that rose right up to the top of the tower, nearly all of them asleep, though here and there a round amber eye glared at Harry. He spotted Hedwig nestled between a barn owl and a tawny, and hurried over to her, sliding a little on the dropping-strewn floor. It took him a while to persuade her to wake up and then to look at him, as she kept shuffling around on her perch, showing him her tail. She was evidently still furious about his lack of gratitude the previous night. In the end, it was Harry suggesting she might be too tired, and that perhaps he would ask Ron to borrow Pigwidgeon, that made her stick out her leg and allow him to tie the letter to it. â€Å"Just find him, all right?† Harry said, stroking her back as he carried her on his arm to one of the holes in the wall. â€Å"Before the dementors do.† She nipped his finger, perhaps rather harder than she would ordinarily have done, but hooted softly in a reassuring sort of way all the same. Then she spread her wings and took off into the sunrise. Harry watched her fly out of sight with the familiar feeling of unease back in his stomach. He had been so sure that Sirius's reply would alleviate his worries rather than increasing them. â€Å"That was a lie, Harry,† said Hermione sharply over breakfast, when he told her and Ron what he had done. â€Å"You didn't imagine your scar hurting and you know it.† â€Å"So what?† said Harry. â€Å"He's not going back to Azkaban because of me.† â€Å"Drop it,† said Ron sharply to Hermione as she opened her mouth to argue some more, and for once, Hermione heeded him, and fell silent. Harry did his best not to worry about Sirius over the next couple of weeks. True, he could not stop himself from looking anxiously around every morning when the post owls arrived, nor, late at night before he went to sleep, prevent himself from seeing horrible visions of Sirius, cornered by dementors down some dark London street, but betweentimes he tried to keep his mind off his godfather. He wished he still had Quidditch to distract him; nothing worked so well on a troubled mind as a good, hard training session. On the other hand, their lessons were becoming more difficult and demanding than ever before, particularly Moody's Defense Against the Dark Arts. To their surprise, Professor Moody had announced that he would be putting the Imperius Curse on each of them in turn, to demonstrate its power and to see whether they could resist its effects. â€Å"But – but you said it's illegal, Professor,† said Hermione uncertainly as Moody cleared away the desks with a sweep of his wand, leaving a large clear space in the middle of the room. â€Å"You said – to use it against another human was -â€Å" â€Å"Dumbledore wants you taught what it feels like,† said Moody, his magical eye swiveling onto Hermione and fixing her with an eerie, unblinking stare. â€Å"If you'd rather learn the hard way – when someone's putting it on you so they can control you completely – fine by me. You're excused. Off you go.† He pointed one gnarled finger toward the door. Hermione went very pink and muttered something about not meaning that she wanted to leave. Harry and Ron grinned at each other. They knew Hermione would rather eat bubotuber pus than miss such an important lesson. Moody began to beckon students forward in turn and put the Imperius Curse upon them. Harry watched as, one by one, his classmates did the most extraordinary things under its influence. Dean Thomas hopped three times around the room, singing the national anthem. Lavender Brown imitated a squirrel. Neville performed a series of quite astonishing gymnastics he would certainly not have been capable of in his normal state. Not one of them seemed to be able to fight off the curse, and each of them recovered only when Moody had removed it. â€Å"Potter,† Moody growled, â€Å"you next.† Harry moved forward into the middle of the classroom, into the space that Moody had cleared of desks. Moody raised his wand, pointed it at Harry, and said, â€Å"Imperio!† It was the most wonderful feeling. Harry felt a floating sensation as every thought and worry in his head was wiped gently away, leaving nothing but a vague, untraceable happiness. He stood there feeling immensely relaxed, only dimly aware of everyone watching him. And then he heard Mad-Eye Moody's voice, echoing in some distant chamber of his empty brain: Jump onto the desk†¦jump onto the desk†¦ Harry bent his knees obediently, preparing to spring. Jump onto the desk†¦. Why, though? Another voice had awoken in the back of his brain. Stupid thing to do, really, said the voice. Jump onto the desk†¦. No, I don't think I will, thanks, said the other voice, a little more firmly†¦no, I don't really want to†¦. Jump! NOW! The next thing Harry felt was considerable pain. He had both jumped and tried to prevent himself from jumping – the result was that he'd smashed headlong into the desk knocking it over, and, by the feeling in his legs, fractured both his kneecaps. â€Å"Now, that's more like it!† growled Moody's voice, and suddenly, Harry felt the empty, echoing feeling in his head disappear. He remembered exactly what was happening, and the pain in his knees seemed to double. â€Å"Look at that, you lot†¦Potter fought! He fought it, and he damn near beat it! We'll try that again, Potter, and the rest of you, pay attention – watch his eyes, that's where you see it – very good, Potter, very good indeed! They'll have trouble controlling you!† â€Å"The way he talks,† Harry muttered as he hobbled out of the Defense Against the Dark Arts class an hour later (Moody had insisted on putting Harry through his paces four times in a row, until Harry could throw off the curse entirely), â€Å"you'd think we were all going to be attacked any second.† â€Å"Yeah, I know,† said Ron, who was skipping on every alternate step. He had had much more difficulty with the curse than Harry, though Moody assured him the effects would wear off by lunchtime. â€Å"Talk about paranoid†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ron glanced nervously over his shoulder to check that Moody was definitely out of earshot and went on. â€Å"No wonder they were glad to get shot of him at the Ministry. Did you hear him telling Seamus what he did to that witch who shouted ‘Boo' behind him on April Fools' Day? And when are we supposed to read up on resisting the Imperius Curse with everything else we've got to do?† All the fourth years had noticed a definite increase in the amount of work they were required to do this term. Professor McGonagall explained why, when the class gave a particularly loud groan at the amount of Transfiguration homework she had assigned. â€Å"You are now entering a most important phase of your magical education!† she told them, her eyes glinting dangerously behind her square spectacles. â€Å"Your Ordinary Wizarding Levels are drawing closer -â€Å" â€Å"We don't take O.W.L.s till fifth year!† said Dean Thomas indignantly. â€Å"Maybe not, Thomas, but believe me, you need all the preparation you can get! Miss Granger remains the only person in this class who has managed to turn a hedgehog into a satisfactory pincushion. I might remind you that your pincushion, Thomas, still curls up in fright if anyone approaches it with a pin!† Hermione, who had turned rather pink again, seemed to be trying not to look too pleased with herself. Harry and Ron were deeply amused when Professor Trelawney told them that they had received top marks for their homework in their next Divination class. She read out large portions of their predictions, commending them for their unflinching acceptance of the horrors in store for them – but they were less amused when she asked them to do the same thing for the month after next; both of them were running out of ideas for catastrophes. Meanwhile Professor Binns, the ghost who taught History of Magic, had them writing weekly essays on the goblin rebellions of the eighteenth century. Professor Snape was forcing them to research antidotes. They took this one seriously, as he had hinted that he might be poisoning one of them before Christmas to see if their antidote worked. Professor Flitwick had asked them to read three extra books in preparation for their lesson on Summoning Charms. Even Hagrid was adding to their workload. The Blast-Ended Skrewts were growing at a remarkable pace given that nobody had yet discovered what they ate. Hagrid was delighted, and as part of their â€Å"project,† suggested that they come down to his hut on alternate evenings to observe the skrewts and make notes on their extraordinary behavior. â€Å"I will not,† said Draco Malfoy flatly when Hagrid had proposed this with the air of Father Christmas pulling an extra-large toy out of his sack. â€Å"I see enough of these foul things during lessons, thanks.† Hagrid's smile faded off his face. â€Å"Yeh'll do wha' yer told,† he growled, â€Å"or I'll be takin' a leaf outta Professor Moody's book†¦.I hear yeh made a good ferret, Malfoy.† The Gryffindors roared with laughter. Malfoy flushed with anger, but apparently the memory of Moody's punishment was still sufficiently painful to stop him from retorting. Harry, Ron, and Hermione returned to the castle at the end of the lesson in high spirits; seeing Hagrid put down Malfoy was particularly satisfying, especially because Malfoy had done his very best to get Hagrid sacked the previous year. When they arrived in the entrance hall, they found themselves unable to proceed owing to the large crowd of students congregated there, all milling around a large sign that had been erected at the foot of the marble staircase. Ron, the tallest of the three, stood on tiptoe to see over the heads in front of them and read the sign aloud to the other two: TRIWIZARD TOURNAMENT THE DELEGATIONS FROM BEAUXBATONS AND DURMSTRANG WILL BE ARRIVING AT 6 O'CLOCK ON FRIDAY THE 30TH OF OCTOBER. LESSONS WILL END HALF AN HOUR EARLY- â€Å"Brilliant!† said Harry. â€Å"It's Potions last thing on Friday! Snape won't have time to poison us all!† STUDENTS WILL RETURN THEIR BAGS AND BOOKS TO THEIR DORMITORIES AND ASSEMBLE IN FRONT OF THE CASTLE TO GREET OUR GUESTS BEFORETHE WELCOMING FEAST. â€Å"Only a week away!† said Ernie Macmillan of Hufflepuff, emerging from the crowd, his eyes gleaming. â€Å"I wonder if Cedric knows? Think I'll go and tell him†¦.† â€Å"Cedric?† said Ron blankly as Ernie hurried off. â€Å"Diggory,† said Harry. â€Å"He must be entering the tournament.† â€Å"That idiot, Hogwarts champion?† said Ron as they pushed their way through the chattering crowd toward the staircase. â€Å"He's not an idiot. You just don't like him because he beat Gryffindor at Quidditch,† said Hermione. â€Å"I've heard he's a really good student – and he's a prefect.† She spoke as though this settled the matter. â€Å"You only like him because he's handsome,† said Ron scathingly. â€Å"Excuse me, I don't like people just because they're handsome!† said Hermione indignantly. Ron gave a loud false cough, which sounded oddly like â€Å"Lockhart!† The appearance of the sign in the entrance hall had a marked effect upon the inhabitants of the castle. During the following week, there seemed to be only one topic of conversation, no matter where Harry went: the Triwizard Tournament. Rumors were flying from student to student like highly contagious germs: who was going to try for Hogwarts champion, what the tournament would involve, how the students from Beauxbatons and Durmstrang differed from themselves. Harry noticed too that the castle seemed to be undergoing an extra-thorough cleaning. Several grimy portraits had been scrubbed, much to the displeasure of their subjects, who sat huddled in their frames muttering darkly and wincing as they felt their raw pink faces. The suits of armor were suddenly gleaming and moving without squeaking, and Argus Filch, the caretaker, was behaving so ferociously to any students who forgot to wipe their shoes that he terrified a pair of first-year girls into hysterics. Other members of the staff seemed oddly tense too. â€Å"Longbottom, kindly do not reveal that you can't even perform a simple Switching Spell in front of anyone from Durmstrang!† Professor McGonagall barked at the end of one particularly difficult lesson, during which Neville had accidentally transplanted his own ears onto a cactus. When they went down to breakfast on the morning of the thirtieth of October, they found that the Great Hall had been decorated overnight. Enormous silk banners hung from the walls, each of them representing a Hogwarts House: red with a gold lion for Gryffiindor, blue with a bronze eagle for Ravenclaw, yellow with a black badger for Hufflepuff, and green with a silver serpent for Slytherin. Behind the teachers' table, the largest banner of all bore the Hogwarts coat of arms: lion, eagle, badger, and snake united around a large letter H. Harry, Ron, and Hermione sat down beside Fred and George at the Gryffindor table. Once again, and most unusually, they were sitting apart from everyone else and conversing in low voices. Ron led the way over to them. â€Å"It's a bummer, all right,† George was saying gloomily to Fred. â€Å"But if he won't talk to us in person, we'll have to send him the letter after all. Or we'll stuff it into his hand. He can't avoid us forrever.† â€Å"Who's avoiding you?† said Ron, sitting down next to them. â€Å"Wish you would,† said Fred, looking irritated at the interruption. â€Å"What's a bummer?† Ron asked George. â€Å"Having a nosy git like you for a brother,† said George. â€Å"You two got any ideas on the Triwizard Tournament yet?† Harry asked. â€Å"Thought any more about trying to enter?† â€Å"I asked McGonagall how the champions are chosen but she wasn't telling,† said George bitterly. â€Å"She just told me to shut up and get on with transfiguring my raccoon.† â€Å"Wonder what the tasks are going to be?† said Ron thoughtfully. â€Å"You know, I bet we could do them, Harry. We've done dangerous stuff before†¦.† â€Å"Not in front of a panel of judges, you haven't,† said Fred. â€Å"McGonagall says the champions get awarded points according to how well they've done the tasks.† â€Å"Who are the judges?† Harry asked. â€Å"Well, the Heads of the participating schools are always on the panel,† said Hermione, and everyone looked around at her, rather surprised, â€Å"because all three of them were injured during the Tournament of 1792, when a cockatrice the champions were supposed to be catching went on the rampage.† She noticed them all looking at her and said, with her usual air of impatience that nobody else had read all the books she had, â€Å"It's all in Hogwarts, A History. Though, of course, that book's not entirely reliable. A Revised History of Hogwarts would be a more accurate title. Or A Highly Biased and Selective History of Hogwarts, Which Glosses Over the Nastier Aspects of the School.† â€Å"What are you on about?† said Ron, though Harry thought he knew what was coming. â€Å"House-elves!† said Hermione, her eyes flashing. â€Å"Not once, in over a thousand pages, does Hogwarts, A History mention that we are all colluding in the oppression of a hundred slaves!† Harry shook his head and applied himself to his scrambled eggs. His and Ron's lack of enthusiasm had done nothing whatsoever to curb Hermione's determination to pursue justice for house-elves. True, both of them had paid two Sickles for a S.P.E.W. badge, but they had only done it to keep her quiet. Their Sickles had been wasted, however; if anything, they seemed to have made Hermione more vociferous. She had been badgering Harry and Ron ever since, first to wear the badges, then to persuade others to do the same, and she had also taken to rattling around the Gryffindor common room every evening, cornering people and shaking the collecting tin under their noses. â€Å"You do realize that your sheets are changed, your fires lit, your classrooms cleaned, and your food cooked by a group of magical creatures who are unpaid and enslaved?† she kept saying fiercely. Some people, like Neville, had paid up just to stop Hermione from glowering at them. A few seemed mildly interested in what she had to say, but were reluctant to take a more active role in campaigning. Many regarded the whole thing as a joke. Ron now rolled his eyes at the ceiling, which was flooding them all in autumn sunlight, and Fred became extremely interested in his bacon (both twins had refused to buy a S.P.E.W. badge). George, however, leaned in toward Hermione. â€Å"Listen, have you ever been down in the kitchens, Hermione?† â€Å"No, of course not,† said Hermione curtly, â€Å"I hardly think students are supposed to -â€Å" â€Å"Well, we have,† said George, indicating Fred, â€Å"loads of times, to nick food. And we've met them, and they're happy. They think they've got the best job in the world -â€Å" â€Å"That's because they're uneducated and brainwashed!† Hermione began hotly, but her next few words were drowned out by the sudden whooshing noise from overhead, which announced the arrival of the post owls. Harry looked up at once, and saw Hedwig soaring toward him. Hermione stopped talking abruptly; she and Ron watched Hedwig anxiously as she fluttered down onto Harry's shoulder, folded her wings, and held out her leg wearily. Harry pulled off Sirius's reply and offered Hedwig his bacon rinds, which she ate gratefully. Then, checking that Fred and George were safely immersed in further discussions about the Triwizard Tournament, Harry read out Sirius's letter in a whisper to Ron and Hermione. Nice try, Harry. I'm back in the country and well hidden. I want you to keep me posted on everything that's going on at Hogwarts. Don't use Hedwig, keep changing owls, and don't worry about me, just watch out for yourself Don't forget what I said about your scar. Sirius â€Å"Why d'you have to keep changing owls?† Ron asked in a low voice. â€Å"Hedwig'll attract too much attention,† said Hermione at once. â€Å"She stands out. A snowy owl that keeps returning to wherever he's hiding†¦I mean, they're not native birds, are they?† Harry rolled up the letter and slipped it inside his robes, wondering whether he felt more or less worried than before. He supposed that Sirius managing to get back without being caught was something. He couldn't deny either that the idea that Sirius was much nearer was reassuring; at least he wouldn't have to wait so long for a response every time he wrote. â€Å"Thanks, Hedwig,† he said, stroking her. She hooted sleepily, dipped her beak briefly into his goblet of orange juice, then took off again, clearly desperate for a good long sleep in the Owlery. There was a pleasant feeling of anticipation in the air that day. Nobody was very attentive in lessons, being much more interested in the arrival that evening of the people from Beauxbatons and Durmstrang; even Potions was more bearable than usual, as it was half an hour shorter. When the bell rang early, Harry, Ron, and Hermione hurried up to Gryffindor Tower, deposited their bags and books as they had been instructed, pulled on their cloaks, and rushed back downstairs into the entrance hall. The Heads of Houses were ordering their students into lines. â€Å"Weasley, straighten your hat,† Professor McGonagall snapped at Ron. â€Å"Miss Patil, take that ridiculous thing out of your hair.† Parvati scowled and removed a large ornamental butterfly from the end of her plait. â€Å"Follow me, please,† said Professor McGonagall. â€Å"First years in front†¦no pushing†¦.† They filed down the steps and lined up in front of the castle. It was a cold, clear evening; dusk was falling and a pale, transparent-looking moon was already shining over the Forbidden Forest. Harry, standing between Ron and Hermione in the fourth row from the front, saw Dennis Creevey positively shivering with anticipation among the other first years. â€Å"Nearly six,† said Ron, checking his watch and then staring down the drive that led to the front gates. â€Å"How d'you reckon they're coming? The train?† â€Å"I doubt it,† said Hermione. â€Å"How, then? Broomsticks?† Harry suggested, looking up at the starry sky. â€Å"I don't think so†¦not from that far away†¦.† â€Å"A Portkey?† Ron suggested. â€Å"Or they could Apparate – maybe you're allowed to do it under seventeen wherever they come from?† â€Å"You can't Apparate inside the Hogwarts grounds, how often do I have to tell you?† said Hermione impatiently. They scanned the darkening grounds excitedly, but nothing was moving; everything was still, silent, and quite as usual. Harry was starting to feel cold. He wished they'd hurry up†¦.Maybe the foreign students were preparing a dramatic entrance†¦.He remembered what Mr. Weasley had said back at the campsite before the Quidditch World Cup: â€Å"always the same – we can't resist showing off when we get together†¦.† And then Dumbledore called out from the back row where he stood with the other teachers – â€Å"Aha! Unless I am very much mistaken, the delegation from Beauxbatons approaches!† â€Å"Where?† said many students eagerly, all looking in different directions. â€Å"There!† yelled a sixth year, pointing over the forest. Something large, much larger than a broomstick – or, indeed, a hundred broomsticks – was hurtling across the deep blue sky toward the castle, growing larger all the time. â€Å"It's a dragon!† shrieked one of the first years, losing her head completely. â€Å"Don't be stupid†¦it's a flying house!† said Dennis Creevey. Dennis's guess was closer†¦.As the gigantic black shape skimmed over the treetops of the Forbidden Forest and the lights shining from the castle windows hit it, they saw a gigantic, powderblue, horse-drawn carriage, the size of a large house, soaring toward them, pulled through the air by a dozen winged horses, all palominos, and each the size of an elephant. The front three rows of students drew backward as the carriage hurtled ever lower, coming in to land at a tremendous speed – then, with an almighty crash that made Neville jump backward onto a Slytherin fifth year's foot, the horses' hooves, larger than dinner plates, hit the ground. A second later, the carriage landed too, bouncing upon its vast wheels, while the golden horses tossed their enormous heads and rolled large, fiery red eyes. Harry just had time to see that the door of the carriage bore a coat of arms (two crossed, golden wands, each emitting three stars) before it opened. A boy in pale blue robes jumped down from the carriage, bent forward, fumbled for a moment with something on the carriage floor, and unfolded a set of golden steps. He sprang back respectfully. Then Harry saw a shining, high-heeled black shoe emerging from the inside of the carriage – a shoe the size of a child's sled – followed, almost immediately, by the largest woman he had ever seen in his life. The size of the carriage, and of the horses, was immediately explained. A few people gasped. Harry had only ever seen one person as large as this woman in his life, and that was Hagrid; he doubted whether there was an inch difference in their heights. Yet somehow – maybe simply because he was used to Hagrid – this woman (now at the foot of the steps, and looking around at the waiting, wide-eyed crowd) seemed even more unnaturally large. As she stepped into the light flooding from the entrance hall, she was revealed to have a handsome, olive-skinned face; large, black, liquid-looking eyes; and a rather beaky nose. Her hair was drawn back in a shining knob at the base of her neck. She was dressed from head to foot in black satin, and many magnificent opals gleamed at her throat and on her thick fingers. Dumbledore started to clap; the students, following his lead, broke into applause too, many of them standing on tiptoe, the better to look at this woman. Her face relaxed into a gracious smile and she walked forward toward Dumbledore, extending a glittering hand. Dumbledore, though tall himself, had barely to bend to kiss it. â€Å"My dear Madame Maxime,† he said. â€Å"Welcome to Hogwarts.† â€Å"Dumbly-dort,† said Madame Maxime in a deep voice. â€Å"I ‘ope I find you well?† â€Å"In excellent form, I thank you,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"My pupils,† said Madame Maxime, waving one of her enormous hands carelessly behind her. Harry, whose attention had been focused completely upon Madame Maxime, now noticed that about a dozen boys and girls, all, by the look of them, in their late teens, had emerged from the carriage and were now standing behind Madame Maxime. They were shivering, which was unsurprising, given that their robes seemed to be made of fine silk, and none of them were wearing cloaks. A few had wrapped scarves and shawls around their heads. From what Harry could see of them (they were standing in Madame Maxime's enormous shadow), they were staring up at Hogwarts with apprehensive looks on their faces. â€Å"As Karkaroff arrived yet?† Madame Maxime asked. â€Å"He should be here any moment,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"Would you like to wait here and greet him or would you prefer to step inside and warm up a trifle?† â€Å"Warm up, I think,† said Madame Maxime. â€Å"But ze ‘orses -â€Å" â€Å"Our Care of Magical Creatures teacher will be delighted to take care of them,† said Dumbledore, â€Å"the moment he has returned from dealing with a slight situation that has arisen with some of his other – er – charges.† â€Å"Skrewts,† Ron muttered to Harry, grinning. â€Å"My steeds require – er – forceful ‘andling,† said Madame Maxime, looking as though she doubted whether any Care of Magical Creatures teacher at Hogwarts could be up to the job. â€Å"Zey are very strong†¦.† â€Å"I assure you that Hagrid will be well up to the job,† said Dumbledore, smiling. â€Å"Very well,† said Madame Maxime, bowing slightly. â€Å"Will you please inform zis ‘Agrid zat ze ‘orses drink only single-malt whiskey?† â€Å"It will be attended to,† said Dumbledore, also bowing. â€Å"Come,† said Madame Maxime imperiously to her students, and the Hogwarts crowd parted to allow her and her students to pass up the stone steps. â€Å"How big d'you reckon Durmstrang's horses are going to be?† Seamus Finnigan said, leaning around Lavender and Parvati to address Harry and Ron. â€Å"Well, if they're any bigger than this lot, even Hagrid won't be able to handle them,† said Harry. â€Å"That's if he hasn't been attacked by his skrewts. Wonder what's up with them?† â€Å"Maybe they've escaped,† said Ron hopefully. â€Å"Oh don't say that,† said Hermione with a shudder. â€Å"Imagine that lot loose on the grounds†¦.† They stood, shivering slightly now, waiting for the Durmstrang party to arrive. Most people were gazing hopefully up at the sky. For a few minutes, the silence was broken only by Madame Maxime's huge horses snorting and stamping. But then – â€Å"Can you hear something?† said Ron suddenly. Harry listened; a loud and oddly eerie noise was drifting toward them from out of the darkness: a muffled rumbling and sucking sound, as though an immense vacuum cleaner were moving along a riverbed†¦. â€Å"The lake!† yelled Lee Jordan, pointing down at it. â€Å"Look at the lake!† From their position at the top of the lawns overlooking the grounds, they had a clear view of the smooth black surface of the water – except that the surface was suddenly not smooth at all. Some disturbance was taking place deep in the center; great bubbles were forming on the surface, waves were now washing over the muddy banks -and then, out in the very middle of the lake, a whirlpool appeared, as if a giant plug had just been pulled out of the lake's floor†¦. What seemed to be a long, black pole began to rise slowly out of the heart of the whirlpool†¦and then Harry saw the rigging†¦. â€Å"It's a mast!† he said to Ron and Hermione. Slowly, magnificently, the ship rose out of the water, gleaming in the moonlight. It had a strangely skeletal look about it, as though it were a resurrected wreck, and the dim, misty lights shimmering at its portholes looked like ghostly eyes. Finally, with a great sloshing noise, the ship emerged entirely, bobbing on the turbulent water, and began to glide toward the bank. A few moments later, they heard the splash of an anchor being thrown down in the shallows, and the thud of a plank being lowered onto the bank. People were disembarking; they could see their silhouettes passing the lights in the ship's portholes. All of them, Harry noticed, seemed to be built along the lines of Crabbe and Goyle†¦but then, as they drew nearer, walking up the lawns into the light streaming from the entrance hall, he saw that their bulk was really due to the fact that they were wearing cloaks of some kind of shaggy, matted fur. But the man who was leading them up to the castle was wearing furs of a different sort: sleek and silver, like his hair. â€Å"Dumbledore!† he called heartily as he walked up the slope. â€Å"How are you, my dear fellow, how are you?† â€Å"Blooming, thank you, Professor Karkaroff,† Dumbledore replied. Karkaroff had a fruity, unctuous voice; when he stepped into the light pouring from the front doors of the castle they saw that he was tall and thin like Dumbledore, but his white hair was short, and his goatee (finishing in a small curl) did not entirely hide his rather weak chin. When he reached Dumbledore, he shook hands with both of his own. â€Å"Dear old Hogwarts,† he said, looking up at the castle and smiling; his teeth were rather yellow, and Harry noticed that his smile did not extend to his eyes, which remained cold and shrewd. â€Å"How good it is to be here, how good†¦.Viktor, come along, into the warmth†¦you don't mind, Dumbledore? Viktor has a slight head cold†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Karkaroff beckoned forward one of his students. As the boy passed, Harry caught a glimpse of a prominent curved nose and thick black eyebrows. He didn't need the punch on the arm Ron gave him, or the hiss in his ear, to recognize that profile. â€Å"Harry – it's Krum!†