History of African Americans and Higher Education Essay...

For blacks, the history of higher education typically points to segregated education. Before the Civil War, the social system promoted the belief that blacks wouldn’t get return on their time spent in higher education. Brown and Ricard (2007) noted that most North institutions were reluctant to allow black enrollment in colleges and universities, and in the South, where slaveholder’s were still powerhouse businessmen, slaves would never be allowed to become more educated than their owners. The reluctance of the White leaders to allow blacks to formally be accepted into higher education programs held blacks back from achieving what many aspired to, and were fully capable of, experience. Through research of the literature, this paper will†¦show more content†¦When ex-slaves demanded a formal public schooling, they were really asking the South to develop and embrace a relatively new philosophy of education. Effectively, they were having white southerners pay for the education of people they once â€Å"owned† as property, and had the right to receive what most whites in the region hadn’t had available previously. According to Anderson (n.d.), the Reconstruction Era (1877) presented a unique problem for black professionals. Although more blacks were becoming qualified for educational and employment opportunities, the job demand shifted to industrial needs. For black leaders, having to get industrial training instead of a broader, more useful education was a beneficial short term answer for employment. The primary advocate for industrial training was Booker T. Washington. Washington, educated at the Tuskegee Institute located in Alabama, expressed publicly that manual labor will be more beneficial to individuals because that was the type of work available (Anderson, n.d.). On the opposite side of Washington’s argument for occupational training was W. E. B. Du Bois. Du Bois, who came from Harvard, had higher aspirations than occupational education, â€Å"with a conviction that Black life and culture should be a primary topic of Black thought and investigation† (Anderson, n.d. p.1). Considering the value of a general degree in comparison to a technicalShow MoreRelatedA City Where Black Power Won : The Origins Of The Black Panther Party On College Campuses1350 Words   |  6 PagesSuddler AAS 385: Urban History 31 March 2016 The movement of African American migrants out of the South and into northern California laid the foundation for the development of the Black Panther Party (BPP), which served as a voice for the black community. With this new wave of black migrant families into California came a new, younger generation whose Southern roots had not yet been formed. 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On torture Free Essays

In that day and age it was all too easy for criminals to flee from a crime UN accused and unpunished seeing as there was no major arm of law present to further investigate certain crimes or follow up on possible suspects, s a result when an individual was caught for a crime or under suspicion they were tortured as a means to obtain a confession. The Justice system and the practice of torture presented both the victims and the accused with many problems however this was all due to the harsh realities of the 18th century. From a modern point of view torture is seen as outrageous and inhumane however in the 18th century it was practiced as an attempt to set an example for society and lower the overall crime rate, although the barbarity of these acts reflects poorly on behalf the 1 8th century society there were still many people who saw torture for its egregious nature and advocated for more tolerant alternatives. We will write a custom essay sample on On torture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Torture was used since the beginning of collocation however the practice became extremely popular during the 18th century, an era where using brute force was regularly encouraged. Torture existed well before the eighteenth century; the Greeks and Egyptians also used torture as means of obtaining a confession however torture for the purpose of interrogation was usually conducted in private it was hidden because they were aware of the social and political Implications that followed. As Roman law adapted torture became part of the official Justice system of the 1 8th century, a system where the accused we tried, tortured and executed in public so that everyone was aware of the punishment that would follow crime. Torture was at its peak during the inquisition period where heretics were persecuted and tortured if they refused to change their religion or admit they were not Roman Catholic. It was this period, which were called â€Å"the witch trials† that reintroduced torture to Europe. Slaves and others of lower class were also falsely accused and tortured for petty individual would suffer being stretched on the rack, a public whipping or exposure in the stocks. Torture was used to set an example to others in society as an attempt to lower the overall crime rate and obtain a confession. Most punishments in the 18th century took place in public; torture was an elaborate and shocking practice that was intended to discourage anyone who watched from crime. It was a threat to all criminals and a warning to all citizens, in a day countless amounts of people were tortured to death without a trial or a clear dissertation of their offense. This caused an outrage amongst many members of society who wanted to see change and improvement on a level where issues were approached in a more humanistic manner. Many enlightenment philosophies protested for a more tolerant society, people like Voltaire spoke against the evils of the Justice system and torture until he died. In his writing Scientific Religion he says: â€Å"What horror is this, a secret Judgment a more execrable tyranny than that of spilling blood on a whim without giving the least reason, it is important for everyone that such decisions should be biblically justified† (Brains, 1998) Voltaire biggest issue with torture was the fact that people were not Justified with an explanation for what they had done, they were not given a trial or a chance to defend themselves. It was said that an accused individual would be tortured and if they were indeed not guilty God would save them from their predicament. Torture as a tool of interrogation is not a new phenomenon, in the Greek playwright â€Å"The Frogs† the Aristotelian asked a character which method they should use to torture a slave and he replied: â€Å"In any mode you please pile bricks upon him, stuff his SSE with acid, flay, rack him, hoist him or flog him with a scourge of prickly bristles† (Ramose, Dupes, Zoological, Careened, 2005) The method of piling bricks on an individual was used to force the person into a plea of guilty or not guilty during a felony case. Flaying involved the removal of a portion of the skin from the body, flaying was also used as a method of execution, when a larger portion of skin was removed. The rack was a torture device that consisted of a frame with a roller on both ends the victim was chained by the hands and legs to both ends of the frame ND the rollers were turned which would slowly pull the victim’s body in opposite directions causing their Joints to come apart. The process of hoisting an individual consisted of binding the victim’s hands and hanging them by a rope attached to their hands causing their shoulder blades to dislocate. Flogging is a method where an individual is struck with a whip tipped with sharp ends meant to tear the victims flesh. The methods that were described in the playwright were used by the Greeks and then adapted and practiced by the 18th century society. A large number of the 18th century torture methods proved to be Just as their cruel abilities, whether they fell victim to torture through their own actions or due to false accusations. Society was no longer running on the basis of obeying the laws to protect everyone but more so obeying to stay alive. Cesar Bacteria spoke out against the corruption of the Justice system, in his essay on crimes and punishment he tries to educate people on the possible alternatives to torture while still for maintaining order and putting crime at bay: â€Å"It is better to prevent crimes that to knish them†¦ Do you want to prevent crimes? See to that the laws are clear and simple and that the entire force of the nation is in their defense. See to it that men fear the law and nothing else, the fear of laws is salutary but the fear of men is a fruitful and fatal source of crimes. † (Halls, 1977) Cesar understood that torture would never be the solution to crime and he made it clear in his essay that it was barbaric and outrageous and if there were to be any advancement in the 18th century society torture had to end. From a modern point of view torture is seen as outrageous and inhumane however in the 18th century it was practiced as an attempt to set an example for society and lower the overall crime rate, although the barbarity of these acts reflect poorly on behalf the 18th century society there were still many people who saw torture for its egregious nature and advocated for more tolerant alternatives. Torture was used since the beginning of civilization and then adapted by 18th century Romans however they changed the practice in to something more horrific than it originally was. How to cite On torture, Papers

Print Media Journalism

Finley Peter Dunne once wrote that newspapers â€Å"comfort the afflicted, [and] afflict the comfortable† (Dunne, n.d.) Mark Twain echoed, â€Å"If you don’t read the newspaper, you are uninformed; if you do read the newspaper, you are misinformed† (Twain, n.d.) Although nearly a century has passed since Dunne and Twain both dismissed the media as hopelessly biased, little has changed. Print media bias continues to frustrate access to truth and clear thinking for the average citizen.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Print Media Journalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the case of the Obama campaign, we see the inherent problem with print media journalism clearly illuminated. Print media obsessively covers magnetic, charismatic personalities who support and maintain an over-simplified narrative ethos, one that inherently polarizes news subjects along confrontational, partisan lines: good versus evil, liberal versus conservative. Issues remain secondary, and personalities that do not fit these tight narrative parameters often receive no coverage at all. Passivity and cynicism in newspaper consumers is the result. Print media bias reduces politicians to stock characters, and spends more time on their personalities than their policies. This creates a skewed and dangerous belief that newspapers are like any other scripted form of entertainment, replete with villains and heroes, and obscures the reality that politicians and their policies have real and lasting impact on the daily lives of newspaper consumers. In a perfect world, newspapers contribute to the â€Å"shared critical understandings on which healthy citizen involvement thrives† (Bennett 2007: 35). While Bennett acknowledges that 60 percent of those surveyed perceive print media as biased, he feels bias unlikely to â€Å"seep through a code of professional ethics that emphasizes impartiality as a core v alue,† though he acknowledges the code may be â€Å"fraying in some areas due to the economic pressures favoring sensationalism, or in cases such as FOX News, where bias has become a financially successful formula (Bennett 2007: 35). Generally speaking, Bennett believes the concern about ideological media bias less important than other forms of media bias, because when â€Å"reporters lose their perspectives, there are editors there to correct them. Reporters are small cogs in large business organizations that have a vested interest in producing a marketable, neutral product† (Bennett, 2007, p. 35) Bennett upholds the centrist view of print media journalism, though he accepts that â€Å"as the political bounds of conflict within government shift, the center may move,† and indeed has â€Å"swung to the Right in recent times, and these swings may reflect more the power balance in Washington than the general politics of the American public† (Bennett, 2007, p . 36)Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While â€Å"many American are caught up in dead-end debates about ideological news bias that is less dangerous than commonly assumed, few are noticing other information biases that are really worth worrying about. A more sensible approach to news bias is to look for those universal information problems that hinder the efforts of citizens, whatever their ideology, to take part in political life† (Bennett 2007: 40). This outlook is rosy, however, and Bennett’s faith in the centrism of reporters smacks of fantasy. The Obama campaign of 2008 saw left-leaning newspaper journalists openly manipulating facts and coverage to favor Obama and hobble his running mate John McCain. Washington Post ombudsman Deborah Howell confessed â€Å"that the Post had given Obama front-page coverage three times more often than McCain — a à ¢â‚¬Å"disparity †¦ so wide,† she admitted, â€Å"that it doesn’t look good† (Kersten 2010, p. 30). Print media focuses almost exclusively on personality to generate stories. In the Obama campaign, we saw the personalities of the front-runners under scrutiny far more than their platforms. Print media painted Obama as the virile, shining knight, standing up for innovation, committed to change, while McCain limped along behind in coverage, too old to factor in much at all. Members of the newspaper reporters’ invitation-only listserv Journolist conspired online to stage-manage Obama’s â€Å"non-official campaign,† and members encouraged each other to â€Å"bang away at McCain’s age† (Kersten 2010, p. 30). When ABC News brought a relationship between Obama and militant Reverend Jeremiah Wright to light, Journolist members â€Å"sensed a threat to an Obama victory. They urged their compatriots to bury the story and to attack any journalist who might consider covering it† (Kersten 2010, p. 30). Reporters scripted Obama and McCain, and manipulated the facts to fit the characterizations they had created. Newspaper consumers, therefore, had little else available to them other than a carefully plotted Mexican stand-off between the old guard, McCain, and the bastion of the new, Obama. Bennett (2007), interestingly, echoes this: The focus on personalities encourages a passive spectator attitude among the public. Whether the focus is on sympathetic heroes and victims or hateful scoundrels and culprits, the media preference for personalized human-interest news creates a â€Å"can’t-see-the-forest-for-the-trees† information bias that makes it difficult to see the big (institutional) picture that lies beyond the many actors crowding center stage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 41).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Print Media Journalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pa ge Learn More The relentless management of personality to suit a pre-existing narrative framework in the Obama campaign led to Obama’s victory, yes, however the cost was a severely discredited print media. More importantly, in the case of the Obama campaign, we saw print media bias leveled against one particular target, one that provided the needs of the narrative perfectly – Sarah Palin. The moment John McCain â€Å"named Sarah Palin as his running mate, Journolist participants strategized about how to poison Palin’s candidacy† (Kersten, 2010, p. 30) In the words of Daniel Levy, Journolist member, Obama’s behind the scenes campaign overseers â€Å"would need to mount a coordinated attack. â€Å"This seems to me like an occasion when the non-official campaign has a big role to play in defining Palin, shaping the terms of the conversation and saying things that the official [Obama] campaign shouldn’t say — very hard-hi tting stuff †¦ scare people about having this †¦ right-wing Christian wing-nut a heartbeat away† (Kersten, 2010, p. 30) Why did the print media go after Palin with such fervor? She fit the requirements of its narrative, to a much greater extent than did McCain. In the Obama campaign drama, McCain was a bit too cultured and sympathetic to function as a decent foil for Obama. Palin, by contrast, the â€Å"rube from Alaska† that shot wolves from helicopters and had a grandchild from a pregnant teenage daughter made the perfect antagonist (Hoyt, 2010, p. 12). Her personality was antithetical to Obama: Palin spoke plainly and earnestly; she was earthy, unsophisticated, gauche, mawkishly patriotic, and â€Å"ardently pro-life† (Anon, 2009, n. pag.) This match-up made for print media narrative gold. Print media bias openly altered facts to sustain the action, and its skilful treatment of Palin showed â€Å"in the public at large, as well: Interviews of Barack Obama supporters on Election Day last year show them blindly assigning some of the campaign’s most embarrassing gaffes, quite mistakenly, to Palin — when, in fact, they came from Obama. Example: Who said he or she had visited all â€Å"57† states? Palin, of course! Nope. That was our president (Anon, 2009, n. pag.) Although some newspapers acknowledged Palin as an â€Å"electrifying speechmaker† who generated â€Å"enormous fervor at her events,† this type of coverage remained random and infrequent (Hoyt, 2008, p. 12). In keeping with the print media’s bias for characterization and dramatization over substantial political analysis, Palin’s policies, or even analysis of why she enjoyed such popular appeal, were relegated to obscurity.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this point in the discussion, one may ask why does the print media sustain this bias for personality over policy, drama over fact? In the Obama campaign, why did the personalities involved trump the issues? Some writers blame news consumers, insinuating that the public wants entertainment only, and that true political analysis would not, and does not, sell. â€Å"While entirely unbiased reporting is an impossible dream, why don’t readers insist that their newspapers try harder to stick to the facts? The obvious explanation is that proprietors use papers as political tools, pulling the strings until we puppets tick the right box. An alternative view is that readers do not want a determinedly unbiased reporting of dry facts, but wish to be entertained and to have our biases confirmed† (Harford, 2010, p. 13). An obvious point, however, blaming the consumer sounds like laziness. Instead, a deeper analysis reveals a deeper bias, specific to journalists themselves, regard less of their political leanings, given that â€Å"journalists have a whole set of professional biases that have nothing to do with politics. Journalists are biased toward conflict, toward bad news because it is more exciting than good news, and, obviously, toward what is new† (Hoyt, 2008, p. 12). Bennett details the effect that this deeper bias engenders on newspaper consumers. News â€Å"comes to us in sketchy, dramatic capsules that make it difficult to see the causes of problems, their historical significance, or the connection across issues. It can even be difficult to follow the development of a particular issue over time as stories rise and fall more in response to the actions and reactions of prominent public figures than to independent reporting based on investigation of events†¦the impression is created of a world of chaotic events and crises that seem to appear and disappear because the news picture offers little explanation of their origins. (Bennett 2007: 4 3) Journalists favor personality over policy not simply because it fits their narrative, but also because the sensationalism generated by larger-than-life personalities like Obama and Palin are elemental to a print media journalist’s being. This deeper personal journalistic bias, according to Bennett, affects citizens, who thereby â€Å"lack the perspective and deliberation necessary to reach confident personal understandings, much less public consensus, about many important issues† as a result (Bennett 2007: 37). In conclusion, and in fairness, every employed journalist serves an economic master. Economists Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse Shapiro measured bias electronically, through endorsements as well as language used in several newspapers, and found that â€Å"the biases of newspapers closely reflected those of their potential readership, neither pushing to the extremes nor pulling to the centre† (Harford, 2010, p. 13) Harford cautions this does not mean that â €Å"newspapers have no influence on readers. It’s just that the influence runs both ways. Readers†¦are offered news which reinforces the way they look at the world, but such newspapers are careful to listen to their readers, too. Commercial survival depends on it† (Harford, 2010, p. 13). Also, as Hoyt aptly point out, bias â€Å"is a tricky thing. None of us are objective. We like news that supports our views and dislike what may challenge them. We tend to pick apart each article, word by word, failing to remember that it is part of a river of information from which facts can be plucked to support many points of view. Perversely, we magnify what displeases us and minimize what we like (Hoyt, 2008, p. 12). In the Obama campaign, strident journalists put their hopes and dreams into a candidate that galvanized voters. The first black man to run for president came to represent real hope for change, and many journalists not only bought into that story line, but also m ade additions to it, and steered it consciously towards it desired end of a term in the White House. The issue is not Obama himself. The issue is the narrative that underpins print media coverage. By maintaining a narrative spin on the news, print media journalists create a false sense of simplicity. Liberals are good. Conservatives are bad. Personality means more than policy. It’s a black and white arbitrary interpretation of truth that fundamentally contradicts the gray nature of life. Life itself is impartial; it accepts all interpretations, champions none, and is inherently context bound. However, â€Å"in a world full of left- and right-leaning customers, perhaps impartiality is a luxury a commercial newspaper can ill-afford (Harford, 2010, p. 13). References Anon (2009) EDITORIAL: Palin ‘s biggest opponent: media bias. Augusta Chronicle. Web. Bennett, W. L. (2007) News content: four information biases that matter. In: News: The Politics of Illusion, 7th edition. New York, Pearson/Longman. Dunne, F. P. Brainy Quote. Retrieved from Brainy Quote. Web. Goldberg, J. (2010) The new frontier: ‘Covering’ conservatives. USA Today. 2010: 7A. Web. Hoyt, C. (2010) Keeping Their Opinions to Themselves. New York Times. 2008: 12(L). Web. Kersten, K. (2010) Media bias: Where Do They Sign Up? One Place Is The Journolist Listserv, Where Liberalism Is Boldly Embraced. Star Tribune. 2010: 3OP. Web. Harford, T. (2010) In Search Of Hard Facts About Media Bias; The Undercover Economist. Financial Times  2010:13. Web. Twain, M. BrainyQuote.com. Brainy Quote. Web. This essay on Print Media Journalism was written and submitted by user Vargas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

20 Essay Topics for ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a Literary Analysis

20 Essay Topics for ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a Literary Analysis Writing a literary analysis essay about a classical literary work is a common assignment in literature courses. Not only does it force students to read the original text, but it also pushes them to delve into the author’s opinions and commentaries on the text. ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the richest novels when it comes to themes and ideas, which is why many instructors choose it for literary analysis write-ups. If you have this book on your reading list and have to write a literary analysis on it, refer to the list below to decide on an aspect to tackle. If you want to come up with your own idea, check our 10 facts on ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a literary analysis. Without further ado, the topics: The Role of Pearl in Hester’s Transformation An Exploration of the Relationship between Hester’s Identity and the Scarlet Letter The Contrast between Herter’s Self-Created Identity and the One Which Society Assigns to Her The Scarlet Letter as a Commentary on the American History The Use of Symbols: Puritan vs. the Narrator The Functions of Physical Settings in the Scarlet Letter An Analysis of Chillingworth’s Ideas of Revenge Pearl: A Blessing and a Curse for Hester Pearl as a Symbol of Hester’s Conscience The Contrasting Behavior of Children and Adults in the Scarlet Letter Hawthorne’s Ideas of the Inherently Flawed Human as Presented in The Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne: When Women Break Cultural Bonds and Gain Personal Power Sphere Imagery: Purpose and Effectiveness The Scarlet Letter: An Embodiment of the Tradition of Romanticism? The Difference between Hester and Dimmesdale An Exploration of How Tone, Word Choice, and Symbolism Help In Character Development in the Scarlet Letter The Literary Devices in the Scarlet Letter: Types, Usage and Effect on Persuasiveness Hypocrisy and Conformity in the Scarlet Letter Sin in the Puritan Community: A Comparison between the Punishments of Men and Women Hester Prynne: A Sinner and a Saint You can use these topics as is or tweak them a little to suit the purpose of your thesis. If you wish to explore a more specific aspect, you can choose to refine any of the topics from our list. This will ensure that you choose something substantial and relevant. A sample essay is added below to help inspire your literary analysis. The following lines explore the symbolism of the major characters in the text. Sample Literary Analysis: An Exploration of How Tone, Word Choice, and Symbolism Help in Character Development in the Scarlet Letter ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the prominent romance novels despite not appearing to be one. It delves deeply into the Puritan community, highlighting its rigid rules of life and how its members could suffer by going against them. One of the aspects that make ‘The Scarlet Letter’ truly immortal is the author’s extensive use of symbols. Therefore, in order to understand the text, it is necessary to analyze the myriad of symbols presented. In literature, a symbol is often a concrete idea used to represent a more complex, abstract idea. This idea is broader in meaning and scope, and is usually a religious, philosophical or moral concept. The Puritans view the world through allegories. Simple patterns of nature such as a meteor moving through the sky held a deeply religious meaning. This is just one facet of the repressive thinking. Hawthorne shows their moral attitudes in a different light through the symbolism of his characters. The Puritan society looks at Hester as a woman fallen from grace, Dimmesdale as a saint-like personality, and was likely to consider Chillingworth as a victim and a betrayed husband. The author turns these interpretations around; he ultimately shows Hester as a sensitive human being, strips Dimmesdale of his saint-like faà §ade, and reveals Chillingworth as an offender of humanity who pursues evil and revenge. The Puritan mentality refuses to accept the reality of these characters. Hester is shunned and Dimmesdale’s confession is not believed by many people. This shows that underneath the public displays of piety so favored by Puritanism, there exists a grim underside that goes unseen. The static and stagnant thinking of the Puritanical society is shown through the transformation of characters as symbols and the subsequent refusal of the society to accept this change. Hester is a fallen woman in the beginning; she is publically shamed and shunned, causing her to suffer greatly. She struggles to understand the letter’s symbolic meaning only to come out as a strong woman in the end. Hester gains a unique understanding of humanity and the struggles of other people. As Hawthorne says, The tendency of her fate and fortunes had been to set her free. The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other women dared not tread. Dimmesdale is a private sinner; his sins remain a secret. His public face presents a stark contrast with his private face. The Colony of Massachusetts looks at him as an embodiment of sanctity and goodness, but this is just a faà §ade. Dimmesdale struggles internally and drowns in the storm raging between his holiness and guilt. Dimmesdale is a symbol of hypocrisy and moral weakness. He refuses to do the right thing and the reader comes to view his piety as something superficial. Ultimately, he manages to redeem his soul, albeit quite late. Pearl is by far the strongest of the allegorical images in this text. She symbolizes the freedom of nature. Hester views her as the living hieroglyphic of her sin. Hester describes Pearl to the community leaders by saying, â€Å"she is my happiness! - she is my torture. . . See ye not, she is the scarlet letter, only capable of being loved, and so endowed with a million-fold the power of retribution for my sin? The Scarlet Letter displays symbols through characterization, colors, location and light. The author’s brilliant use of these symbols and their transformation is a major reason for the acclaim and popularity of this classical work and why it has become a peerless example of romance novels. After reading this analysis, you probably have a few suggestions and thoughts to make it appear better. So, quickly jot those down and begin creating an outline for your own literary analysis. If you need more help with this assignment, check out our guide on how to write a literary analysis on ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne. References: Hunter, Dianne, Seduction and theory: readings of gender, representation, and rhetoric. University of Illinois Press. 1989. Pgs. 186-187 Schreiner, Samuel A., Jr. The Concord Quartet: Alcott, Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and the Friendship That Freed the American Mind. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2006: 158.ISBN 978-0-471-64663-1 Crowley, J. Donald, and Orestes Brownson. Chapter 50: [Orestes Brownson], From A Review In Brownsons Quarterly Review. Nathaniel Hawthorne (0-415-15930-X) (1997): 175–179. Literary Reference Center Plus. Wineapple, Brenda. Hawthorne: A Life. Random House: New York, 2003: 209–210. ISBN 0-8129-7291-0. Wright, John Hardy. Hawthornes Haunts in New England. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2008: 47. ISBN 978-1-59629-425-7. McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004: 136. ISBN 0-8021-1776-7 Miller, Edwin Haviland. Salem is my Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991: 299. ISBN 0-87745-332-2

Aluminum or Aluminium Alloys - List

Aluminum or Aluminium Alloys - List An aluminum alloy is a composition consisting mainly of aluminum to which other elements have been added. The alloy is made by mixing together the elements when aluminum is molten (liquid), which cools to form a homogeneous solid solution. The other elements may make up as much as 15 percent of the alloy by mass. Added elements include iron, copper, magnesium, silicon, and zinc. The addition of elements to the aluminum gives the alloy improved strength, workability, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and/or density, compared with the pure metallic element. Aluminum alloys tend to be lightweight and corrosion resistant. List of Aluminum Alloys This is a list of some important aluminum or aluminium alloys. AA-8000: used for building wire per the National Electrical CodeAlclad: aluminum sheet made by bonding high-purity aluminum to a high strength core materialAl-Li (lithium, sometimes mercury)Alnico (aluminum, nickel, copper)Birmabright (aluminum, magnesium)Duralumin (copper, aluminum)Hindalium (aluminum, magnesium, manganese, silicon)Magnalium (5% magnesium)Magnox (magnesium oxide, aluminum)Nambe (aluminum plus seven other unspecified metals)Silumin (aluminum, silicon)Titanal (aluminum, zinc, magnesium, copper, zirconium)Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper)Aluminum forms other complex alloys with magnesium, manganese, and platinum Identifying Aluminum Alloys Alloys have common names, but they may be identified using a four-digit number. The first digit of the number identifies the class or series of alloy. 1xxx - Commercially pure aluminum also has a four-digit numerical identifier. Series 1xxx alloys are made of 99 percent or higher purity aluminum. 2xxx - The principal alloying element in the 2xxx series is copper. Heat treating these alloys improves their strength. These alloys are strong and tough, but not as corrosion resistant as other aluminum alloys, so they are usually painted or coated for use. The most common aircraft alloy is 2024. Alloy 2024-T351 is among the hardest of the aluminum alloys. 3xxx - The main alloying element in this series is manganese, usually with a smaller amount of magnesium. The most popular alloy from this series is 3003, which is workable and moderately strong. 3003 is used to make cooking utensils. Alloy 3004 is one of the alloys used to make aluminum cans for beverages. 4xxx - Silicon is added to aluminum to make 4xxx alloys. This lowers the melting point of the metal without making it brittle. This series is used to make welding wire. Alloy 4043 is used to make filler alloys for welding cars and structural elements. 5xxx - The principal alloying element in the 5xxx series is magnesium. These alloys are strong, weldable, and resist marine corrosion. The 5xxx alloys are used to make pressure vessels and storage tanks and for various marine applications. Alloy 5182 is used to make the lid of aluminum beverage cans. So, aluminum cans actually consist of at least two alloys! 6xxx - Silicon and magnesium are present in 6xxx alloys. The elements combine to form magnesium silicide. These alloys are formable, weldable, and heat treatable. They have good corrosion resistance and moderate strength. The most common alloy in this series is 6061, which is used to make truck and boat frames. Extrusion products from the 6xxx series are used in architecture and to make the iPhone 6. 7xxx - Zinc is the principal alloying element in the series starting with the number 7. The resulting alloy is heat-treatable and very strong. Important alloys are 7050 and 7075, both used to construct aircraft. 8xxx s include 8500, 8510, and 8520. 9xxx - Presently, the series starting with the number 9 is unused. What Is the Strongest Aluminum Alloy? Manganese added to aluminum increases its strength and yields an alloy with excellent workability and corrosion resistance. The highest strength alloy in the non-heat-treatable grade is alloy 5052. Aluminum Alloy Classification In general, the two broad categories of aluminum alloys are wrought alloys and casting alloys. Both of these groups are subdivided into heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable types. Around 85% of aluminum is used in wrought alloys. Cast alloys are relatively inexpensive to produce because of their low melting point, but they tend to have lower tensile strengths than their wrought counterparts. Sources Davis, J.R. (2001). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. Alloying: Understanding the Basics. pp. 351–416.Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. p. 133. ISBN 0-471-65653-4.Kaufman, John Gilbert (2000). Applications for Aluminium Alloys and Tempers. Introduction to aluminum alloys and tempers. ASM International. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-0-87170-689-8.

Nora Sakari - Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nora Sakari - Case - Assignment Example Owing to the smaller size of Sakari, it would expand and increase its market share. Nora is likely to furnish the JV with its long-term good working affiliation with Japanese associates. By entering into a JV with Nora, a larger company, Sakari would benefit from the JV through enhanced marketing capability, which would in turn reinforce its market position. As it appears, Sakari, even though smaller, is the best partner for Nora because it provides Nora with exactly what it needs and each have a working idea of the other because they have been negotiation partners. b) Nora-Sakari’s negotiations failure can be attributed to mutual unawareness about their respective cultures. There was strong opposition from negotiating camps from both Nora and Sakari. First, Sakari seems to have no trust on Nora’s objective of forming the JV as they insinuate that Nora would duplicate their technology, thus becoming a major rival in the market. Coupled with internal politics, the negotiation was deemed for failure. Second, there was a tussle regarding the split of equity ownership. Sakari proposed Equity split of 49% and 51% for Sakari and Nora respectively. On the contrary, Nora gave a counter proposal of 30% and 70% equity split for Sakari and Nora respectively. Third, Sakari proposed that it provides the JV with digital switch basic structure while Nora wanted the digital switch basic structure to be made from the JV Company in order to gain contact with the switching technology. Fourth, Sakari’s proposal for royalty payment was 5% of gross sales while Nora proposed 2% of net sales of the JV. Fifth, there was inconsistency on salaries and perks suggested by the two companies. Last, Nora and Sakari could not agree on where to resolve the negotiation stalemate. The failure to understand variations in national culture and organizational politics played a huge role

The causes and effects of smoking Research Paper - 1

The causes and effects of smoking - Research Paper Example In addition, it is seen that smoking kills more people than HIV, alcohol, road accidents, suicides, and other murders do. Furthermore, about 90% of lung cancer deaths are due to smoking (Smoking & Tobacco Use). However, when the question as to why do people smoke is raised, the answer comes from Hughes (1) that they smoke because they are addicted to nicotine. Another better clarified answer comes from Cockerham (4) that people continue smoking even though it provides an unpleasant sensation in the beginning because people learn how to smoke by having other persons interpret the experience for them and teach them how to enjoy the desirable sensation forgetting the undesirable. It seems that people learn smoking as a social activity, and it often originates in peer groups. It typically takes birth in adolescent groups who are highly likely to imitate adults to look mature. It is often used as a weapon to impress others. However, sooner or later, they start smoking even when they are alone, and develop their dependence on nicotine. In an interview with Gilchrist (How Best to Quit Smoking: Interview with Dr. Randy Gilchrist), he pointed out that people continue to smoke even when they know that their health is eroding because for the smokers, the smoking habit is connected with their many everyday activities and emotional states. Many of these activities act as the triggers to smoke, and in his words, for them, cigarette is something like a ‘reliable old friend that offers relaxation, comfort and focus’ (How best to quit smoking, Interview with Dr. Randy Gilchrist). According to Butler and Hope (362), there are seven reasons that can be pointed out at this juncture. The first one is that some people feel good using cigarette. It might be the feeling of social acceptance. According to some others it is the best way for relaxation. Yet another category is fond of the taste of cigarettes. Another vital revelation is that cigarette offers